One of the most important problems in all over the world is the pollution of the environment and water pollution is endangering a lot of species.  This is a problem also for many countries, for example Albania, which are rich of olive trees and also produce a lot of OMW (olive oil mill waste water). OMW is a significant pollutant and its phytotoxicity is attributed mostly to the phenols present and it reduces a lot of oxygen. The treatment of OMW needs very sophisticated and expensive equipments. People like comfort and this is one of the reasons why they work so hard for it, but they don’t really care about what they cause to the environment by reaching commodity. But a comfortable life is nothing without our health. A good health needs a healthy food diet, so it needs a lot of organic food containing proteins, nutrients and vitamins. The population is increasing every day and the world is in an economic crisis. Food companies and farms are applying methods using grow hormones. It is very expensive to provide organic food for all the population of the world.

So how can we have a cleaner environment, a healthier food by saving a lot of money? 

There exist fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) that are screened for their ability to produce detoxifying enzymes or growing in OMW. And these types of fungi not only clean OMW, but also are used as a very healthy food with lots of proteins. It is mostly found in nature, but it can be easily cultivated artificially without adding other nutrients or any pre-treatment.

So Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible oyster mushroom, rich in proteins and vitamins, it cleans OMW by removing phenolic.

Dunyadaki en buyuk  problemlerinden biri cevre kirliligidir.Cevre kirliliginin bir cesidi olan su kirliliginden degisik canli turleri zarar gormekteler.Su kirliligi dunyadaki degisik ulkeler icin problem oldugu gibi Arnavutluk icin de onemli bir problemdir.Bu ulkeler  zeytin agaci acisindan zengindirler ama zeytinyağı işletmelerinde yağın tutulması sonucunda elde edilen atık karasu yuksek miktarda elde edilir. Atık karasu yüksek miktarda toksik maddeleri icermektedir.kimyasal ve biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı nedeniyle çevreyi kirletir.Karasuyunun aritimi pahali yontemler gerektirir.Insan rahati sever,buda neden cevreyi dusunmeden bu kadar cok calistiklarinin bir aciklamasidir.Sagliksiz rahat hayatin anlami yok.Iyi bir saglik saglikli yemek dietleri gerektirir,protein,vitamin besin  acisindan zengin olan yemekler.Dunya ekonomik krizde ve nufus her gecen gun artmaktadir.Ciflikler,yemek sirketleri taleplerini karsilamak icin hormon kullanarak degisik metodlari uygulamaktadir.Butun dunya nufusu icin organik besinler elde etmek  cok pahalidir.

Temiz cevre,saglikli beslenme cok para harcamadan,nasil yapabiliriz?

 
Bu amaçla karasuyun arıtımı yerine bulunanla besin değeri yüksek, kolay ve ucuz yetişebilen Pleurotus ostreatus türü mantar üretelim. Mantar insan beslenmesi için gerekli olan proteinler yanında B kompleks vitaminler ve mineral maddelerce de zengin olması nedeniyle diğer sebze türleri arasında en yüksek besin değerlerine sahiptir. Karbonhidrat içermemesi belli hastalık grubu ve belli yaş grubu insanlar için avan-tajdır.

Bu canlı biyolojik sistem (Pleurotus ostreatus) organik maddeleri büyük bir hızla absorblayıp, atik karasudan fenolik maddeleri uzaklaştırabilme yeteneklerinin olduğu anlaşılmıştır.Ayrica Pleurotus ostreatus iyilen,besin acisindan zengin bir mantar turudur.

Dunyadaki en buyuk  problemlerinden biri cevre kirliligidir.Cevre kirliliginin bir cesidi olan su kirliliginden degisik canli turleri zarar gormekteler.Su kirliligi dunyadaki degisik ulkeler icin problem oldugu gibi Arnavutluk icin de onemli bir problemdir.Bu ulkeler  zeytin agaci acisindan zengindirler ama zeytinyağı işletmelerinde yağın tutulması sonucunda elde edilen atık karasu yuksek miktarda elde edilir. Atık karasu yüksek miktarda toksik maddeleri icermektedir.kimyasal ve biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı nedeniyle çevreyi kirletir.Karasuyunun aritimi pahali yontemler gerektirir.Insan rahati sever,buda neden cevreyi dusunmeden bu kadar cok calistiklarinin bir aciklamasidir.Sagliksiz rahat hayatin anlami yok.Iyi bir saglik saglikli yemek dietleri gerektirir,protein,vitamin besin  acisindan zengin olan yemekler.Dunya ekonomik krizde ve nufus her gecen gun artmaktadir.Ciflikler,yemek sirketleri taleplerini karsilamak icin hormon kullanarak degisik metodlari uygulamaktadir.Butun dunya nufusu icin organik besinler elde etmek  cok pahalidir.

Temiz cevre,saglikli beslenme cok para harcamadan,nasil yapabiliriz?Bu amaçla karasuyun arıtımı yerine bulunanla besin değeri yüksek, kolay ve ucuz yetişebilen Pleurotus ostreatus türü mantar üretelim. Mantar insan beslenmesi için gerekli olan proteinler yanında B kompleks vitaminler ve mineral maddelerce de zengin olması nedeniyle diğer sebze türleri arasında en yüksek besin değerlerine sahiptir. Karbonhidrat içermemesi belli hastalık grubu ve belli yaş grubu insanlar için avan-tajdır.

Bu canlı biyolojik sistem (Pleurotus ostreatus) organik maddeleri büyük bir hızla absorblayıp, atik karasudan fenolik maddeleri uzaklaştırabilme yeteneklerinin olduğu anlaşılmıştır.Ayrica Pleurotus ostreatus iyilen,besin acisindan zengin bir mantar turudur.

Saving the environment has become now days one of the most difficult problems and most important discussion all over the world.

It is known that there are a lot of factors that affect the destruction of Earth. One of the most dangerous products is Carbon Dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the most important greenhouse gases. So, CO₂ released has a great effect in causing global warming.  If everyone would plant a tree it would be a great solution for the Carbon Dioxide emission. But another more realistic solution is directly related with the disappearance of Carbon Dioxide released from cars.  The disappearance of Carbon Dioxide from cars can be possible by the use of Hydrogen cars. Hydrogen cars instead of fossil fuels use hydrogen to work. Hydrogen is not a source but a storage medium and an energy carrier. Like any other carrier it must be produced from a primary energy source. One way to provide Hydrogen which will be used in these cars is electrolysis which is decomposition of water (H₂O) into oxygen (O₂) and hydrogen gas (H₂) by means of an electric current being passed through the water. In our project we use electrolyses to obtain hydrogen. In order to produce electric current we use solar panels in electrolysis process. Sun energy stored in the bonds of hydrogen and oxygen is released outside as energy when solar panels are used. Using solar panels is an efficient way of saving money and environment.  Hydrogen which will initially be used in the cars is taken from hydrogen gas stations. Then as the car works it produces water and this water is used in the electrolyses process to produce hydrogen. There is a cycle of water, hydrogen and oxygen. As the car works with hydrogen it produces water. Then water is used in the electrolysis reaction to give oxygen and hydrogen.

The first benefit of Hydrogen cars is that instead of Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen is released. The second one is that Hydrogen is recycled and is reused again in the movement of the car. 

Our project is about natural thermometer which includes cricket chirps. As a scientific affect, chirps of crickets are not always stable. Their chirps increases or decreases up to the weather temperature. There are 3 different kinds of crickets on earth. It is observed that their chirp periods differ from each other. We used various formulas and measured exact temperature successfully. According to the Center for Neuroacoustic Research and The California Institute for Human Science chirps of crickets help to improve human psychology and health too.So we went to a neuroacoustic clinic in Albania and the doctor used the cricket sound as a medication  in one of his patients for a month and the results were very positive That’s why many people in Japan and England keep crickets in their houses as pets.

Su uzerinde yuzen cisimler su dalgalarinin etkisi ile harmonic hareket yaparlar.Her yukselis ve alcalisinda cisim potansiyel ve kinetik enerji kazanir.Biz su dalgalarindaki bu enerjiyi eldeedebilmek icin bir alet tasarladik Iki bisiklet dinamosu yardimi ile su dalgalarindaki bu enerjiyi electric enerjisine cevirdik.
Iki bisiklet dinamosunu bir penduluma bagladik.Pendulumuda serbestce donebilen bir demir cubaga astik, bu demir cubugu ise strofoam kopukten platformlara yerlectirlmis desteklere bagladik. Aletimizi deniz suyu uzerine koydugumuzda sudalgalarinin etkisiyle pendulumumuz salinmaya basladi. Salinan pendulumun ucundaki dinamolar iki ark a surtunurken donerek elektrik urettiler.

We will  have really  important problem to  keep  our  food  and fruits more  healthy because of  the  global  warming population density . So, we have  a  quick solution to  keep them freshly. We  know that each  fruit  and food has  different time and  condition  in the  room  temperature. In addition , we did an  experiment to  learn the corrupti0n limits of orange , apple  and  tomatoes and  also preserve them with  grape  fruits. At the end  of  the  this  experiment , we noticed that  grapefruits was  the longest  life against corruption. Grapefruits stays 90 days without corruption

In the  room temperature and  it  also helps other  fruits fight against corruption. Finally, we realized  that grapefruits has  chemical  protector to  stay fresh and  healthy. 

Regardless of the increase in oxygen consumption in recent years, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has not changed. The amount of oxygen in atmospheric air protection of the earth shall be regulated like other processes. The only source of oxygen for this arrangement is not photosynthesis. The composition of atmospheric air on the oxygen consumption and increase the amount of oxygen in spite of reduced vegetation to remain in balance requires the existence of another source of oxygen.

We try to prove that, another source of oxygen is naturally decomposed water. The principle of our device is suitable for the processes going in the hydrosphere. Using physical characteristics of saline water and mixing of different layers of water, a gas which obtained is as same as atmospheric air. Based on Hydrogen which we have in our gas mixture, we made experiment to get best water decomposition variables

The short sumarry of my project:

The purpose of my project is to show the materials used in cooling with sound energy,how to do it and the resault is obtain.

Thermoacoustic cooling is one of the search fields related to thermoacoustics.In a thermoacoustic fridge temperature differences can be obtained by means of sound power.A model prepared to see temperature differences on stock surface which was the most important part of the thermoacoustic system.It was not ............... to get any cooling performance in this model.The purpose of the model was to see thermoacoustic power lead to temperature differences,after some thermoacoustic system designed in last 20 year(Hofler 1986;Swift 1988;Garret 1991) the first commercial thermoacoustic system was developed by Garret in 1993.The performance coeffisient of the model made by Hofler ib 1986 was 0,12.On the other hand the COP of the model made by Garret in 1993 for NASA to use in space shuttle was 0,20.This model was designed to get 5W cooling power and 80C temperature difference.In one of the last studies it was ............... to cool radar electronics in Navy.The cutisipated COP in this study was 0,42.It was determined that the higest COP was 0,26 in the experiments done in the system called SETAC (Shipboard Electronic Thermo Acoustic Coder)and done for this purpose.SETAC got the cooling power of 419W which could be compared with a home fridge.SETAC could throw out f w of heat with the help of f w of electricity power in this  optimum conditions. However , the available cooling system could trow out 2w-4w of heat with the help of f w of electricity energy.The highest temperature difference in this system is 26,2C when the coldest temperature is 3,9C.Cooling process is not the process to turn the electricity energy into the heat energy,unlike heating process cooling system is the process to transfer the heat to environment

    To another environment .Coder can throw out the head inside with the help of cooling system . In the every system There is main part which maintains the contuniety of this system.The electricity power needed to run this part in the one which the system draws. The relation between the heat thrown out  end power drawn by the device determines the performance  of the system . This cop is usually between 2-4.

A simple and effective arsenic filter based on composite iron matrix is developed in order to minimise the level of Arsenic in  groundwater of Bangladesh.    

Grass lawns are the base of urban greening. They create a favorable environment for the growth of shrubs and trees, for the life of various small animals, retains dust, moisten the air, are places of rest of the townspeople and perform other environmental functions. However, the use of salt against icy is very harmful to lawns. Over 1% of lawns in cities dying because of the harmful effects of salt. In Mink-city recovers about 75 hectares of lawns annually. Restore lawn is expensive. In addition, the young grass is much less effective realize their function in the city than normal mature lawn. Because the aim of the present study to evaluate of the resistance of some perennial turf grasses to salinity and search methods for improving the salt tolerance of lawns.

We have realized the next tasks for solution of the assigned aim:

1)      Estimation of the salt tolerance of 4 perennial turf grasses on the early stage of plants development and define the most tolerant species.

2)      Estimation of effectiveness of 4 biopreparations for increasing of plants salt tolerance.

3)      Estimation of the most acceptable to biopreparations species of turf grasses.

4)      Assessment of the intraspecific polymorphism in populations of turf grasses by salt tolerance on the early stages of development.

The subjects of inquiry are 4 species of turf grasses: Meadow grass, Red fescue grass, Metropolitan bent, and English ryegrass.

As a result of the work we have reached the following conclusions:

1) The most salt-tolerant type of lawn grass are the English ryegrass and Red fescue grass. The least tolerant grass is Metropolitan bent. Thus, these 2 tolerant grasses are necessary to use for urban lawns establishment.

2) Humic acid have a high stimulating and protecting effects to grass plants in salinity conditions.

4) Gidrogumat (humic acid preparation) is recommended for use in urban conditions to improve the salt tolerance of existing lawns.

5) The available populations of lawn grasses are non-uniform in salt tolerance and are the source material for the selection of tolerant to salinity samples for the next use in breeding of salt-tolerant varieties.

The search of alternative energy sources became one of the main problems of any economically developed state. Using waste makes it possible to save the power considerably and the source of raw materials to reduce environmental contamination.

The purpose of work: To establish objective opportunities of using falling foliage as a kind of fuel.

While conducting the research the bricks from fallen foliage were obtained. We rendered the authentic material on the basis of which the research has been conducted. All the experiments have been taken in the research laboratories of the livestock sector of the National Academy of Science of Belarus and Gymnasium №1 in Zhodino.

While testing the bricks as a kind of fuel we discovered that they smolder for a long time with the constant release of heath. The heat rating released has been defined, which makes 13.5 – 16.5 MJ per 1 kg of bricks. This data exceeds the heat rating of dry wood, shale oil and peat. The bricks obtained from fallen autumn foliage correspond to the standards (requirements) lodged to the similar fuel bricks from timber and straw.

We worked out the recommendations concerning the use of the bricks and the project of a mini-plant for such bricks’ production. While conducting the research it was stated that the autumn foliage can be used for fuel bricks production.

Today there is a big problem in finding a way to produce healthy food. In future, number of people will become bigger and because of that the need for more and better quality food will increase .We are eating food that contains a lot of different toxic pesticides. Pesticides are used in agriculture to manage abundance and invasion of weeds and other undesirable species. Because of its secretions, weeds are negatively affecting the growing of wheat, buckwheat or any other source of food. This term in biology is called allelopathy and this is one of its negative characteristics. But could we use its positive sides?

We were thinking about some natural sources that will also negatively affect   growing of weeds, and in this way will increase production of healthy food. Our solution is about using pharmacologically active plants that will decrease the concentration of weeds and because of it we would have healthy food. In our experiment we have used water extracts of pharmacologically active plants to decrease germination of weeds. We have proved that they reduce germination of weed species. The greatest sensitivity to the effect of active substances from the extracts showed one kind of weed whose germination was reduced by as much as 50%.

              Bugünlerde, sağlıklı gıda üretmek için bir yol bulabilmek gerçekten büyük bir sorundur. Gelecekte, hızla büyüyen insan nüfusu yüzünden, daha çok ve daha kaliteli gıda ihtiyacı ve gerekliliği artacaktır. Her gün farklı zehirli böcek ilaçları (pestisitler) içeren çok sayıda gıda maddesi tüketmekteyiz. Pestisitler, tarımda üretimin artması ve yabani otlar gibi istenmeyen türlerin istilası önlemek için kullanılır. Yabancı otların kendi salgıları nedeniyle, buğday, karabuğday veya başka yiyecek kaynakları olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir. Biyoloji de bu olay allelopati denen bir terimle ifade edilir. Biz bu projede, allelopatinin olumsuz özelliklerinden biri olan bu durumu olumlu ve faydalı bir şekilde nasıl kullanabiliriz sorusuna cevap bulduk.

Yabani otların büyümesini önlemek ve  sağlıklı gıda üretimini artırmak için allelopatinin doğal bir çözüm olduğunu  düşündük. Bizim çözümümüz; farmakolojik olarak aktif bitkiler kullanılarak, yabani otların konsantrasyonu azaltılabilir ve bu şekilde sağlıklı gıdalar üretilebilir. Bizim deneyimizde farmakolojik olarak aktif bitkilerin su özleri yabani otların çimlenmesini azaltmak için kullanılmıştır ve bu deney farmakolojik olarak aktif bitkilerin su özlerinin yabancı ot türlerinin çimlenmesini azalttıgını kanıtlamıştır. Bu aktif maddelerin etkisinin yabani otların çimlenmesini % 50 oranında azalttıgı gözlemlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, uygulamalı ekoloji alanında gelecekteki araştırmalar için temel olabilir ve geliştirileilir. Sonuç olarak, yaşam standardlarımızı artırması açısından, pestisitler yerine tıbbi bitkilerin kullanımı daha iyi, daha ekolojik ve daha faydalıdır.  Çünkü, sağlıklı gıda üretimi ve tüketimi sağlıklı bir yaşama katkıda bulunmaktadır,

During the second half of 20^th century, we realized that there were many changes caused by human being in our environment. We can see big consequences in our ecological systems such as flora, fauna, climate, health and quality of people’s lives. Air pollution emerges when the concentration of the pollutants achieves the level which causes its toxicity. Results of air quality are disturbing; in last 5 years amount of pollutants present in the air are increased about 6 times. The quality of air in Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the worst in Europe. Because of big concentration of dust and tiny particles present in the air, Sarajevo is proclaimed as the city of the most polluted air in Europe. Concentration of sulfur dioxide present in the air is 8 times greater than permitted.

In this project we will talk about plants that can be used for reducing air pollution. The best effects have lichens because they show sensitivity to different gaseous pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide. They have also been found to act as accumulators of elements, such as trace metals, sulfur and radioactive elements. Also lichens can live in extreme environmental conditions; they have a long life span, and ability of regeneration, which enable their easy reproduction and diffusion. According to analysis we determined that the best accumulator of pollutants is Hypogymnia physodes specie.

Also, we will talk about energetic relation to environment, especially about energetic transformations, and air pollution as one of the consequences of these transformations. Fossil fuels make the biggest effect because they are transformed into electric energy, heat energy, or in mechanical energy which is used in propelling of vehicles. The biggest problem is traffic and, as a solution we can talk about green wave.

Green wave is an intentionally induced phenomenon in which a series of traffic lights are coordinated to allow continuous traffic flow. This allows higher traffic loads, and reduces noise and energy use, because less acceleration and breaking is needed.

According to our solutions, people’s lives on the Earth will be better and healthier because:

·         Lichens can be used in reducing of air pollution because they are found as good accumulators of  main pollutants

·         By diffusion of lichens through our country, amount of pollutants will be decreased

·         By decreasing of sulfur and its compounds in the air, acid rain amount will dicrease so our fauna will be saved

·         Amount of fuels used in propelling of vehicles will be decreased, so our atmosphere will be protected from air pollution. Greenhouse effect could be reduced, global warming could be stopped and climate would become stabile

·         Green wave is simple solution for decreasing of  CO2 produced by fuels burning

·         People’s lives will be cleaner and healthier 

·         By reducing amount of  CO2 in the air, green house effect will be reduced, so the global warming could be stopped

·         By reducing of SO2 and its and compounds in the air, acid rain can also be stopped, so fauna will be saved

20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren, insanlar büyük çevre değişikliklerine neden olmaktadırlar. Bu ekolojik degişiklikler flora, fauna, iklim, sağlık ve insanların yaşam kalitesinde büyük etkilere yol açmıştır. Kirleticilerin konsantrasyonu toksik düzeye ulaştıgında hava kirliliği ortaya çıkmakta ve son yıllardaki, hava kalitesi sonuçları bilim adamlarını ciddi manada rahatsız etmektedir; son 5 yılda kirleticilerin havadaki mevcut miktarının yaklaşık olarak 6 kez arttıgı gözlemlenmiştir. Bosna Hersek teki hava kalitesi Avrupa'nın en kötülerinden biridir. Havadaki mevcut toz ve küçük partiküllerin büyük konsantrasyonu nedeniyle Saraybosna, Avrupa'nın en kirli hava kalitesine sahip kentlerinden bir tanesidir. Havadaki kükürt dioksit konsantrasyonu olması gerekenden 8 kat daha fazladır.

Bu proje, hava kirliliğinin azaltılması ve belirlenmesi için bazı bitkilerin kullanılabilegini göstermektedir. Farklı gaz kirleticiler için, özellikle kükürtdioksit için hassasiyet gösteren en mükemmel örnek likenlerdir. Ayrıca likenlerin, kükürt ve radyoaktif elementler gibi metalleri kendi dokusunda toplayabildigi bulunmuştur. Ayrıca likenler, aşırı ve uygun olmayan çevre koşullarında yaşayabilen, uzun ömürlü, ve kolay üreme ve yayılmasına olanak kılan rejenerasyon yeteneğine sahip canlılardır. Analizlerimiz, kirleticileri en iyi toplama yetenegine sahip olan Hypogymnia physodes türünün olduğunu belirlemiştir.

Ayrıca, çevre-enerji dönüşümleri başta olmak üzere, hava kirliliği ve bu dönüşümün sonuçları irdelenmelidir. Bu bağlamda, en büyük etkiyi Fosil yakıtlar oluşturmaktadır çünkü, fosil yakıtlar elektrik enerjisine, ısı enerjisine, ya da araçların itici gücü için mekanik enerjiye dönüştürülebilmektedir. Biz çözüm olarak yeşil dalga yı öne sürüyoruz. Yeşil dalga sürekli trafik akışını sağlamak için tasarlanmış bir olgudur. Bu sayede yüksek trafik yükü, gürültü ve enerji kullanımı azaltılabilir.
              Sonuç olarak;

Likenler hava kirliliğinin azaltılmasında ve tespitinde kullanılabilir çünkü ana kirleticileri dokularında toplayabilmektedirler. Havadaki kükürt bileşiklerin bu yolla azaltılması, asit yağmurlarının miktarını azaltılabilir. Bu yolla flora ve fauna alanlarının korunmasına katkıda bulunulabilir. Yakıt kullanımı azaltılarak, atmosferdeki hava kirliliği azalacaktır. Bunlara bağlı olarak sera etkisi, iklim değişikliği ve küresel ısınma gibi global problemler azaltılabilir.

Today, pollution of the environment especially water represents the most serious problem in the development and survival of contemporary mankind. Particular problems are present in water pollution, which also includes drinking water.

Water is the most important substance on Earth, because it covers over 70% of the planet and it's neccesary for life on Earth. But even it covers over 70%, only 3% of that water is drinkable, and only 0,3% is renewable, so we should be careful  while using water. So, nowadays, water pollution is one of the most important problems for humanity, because effects of it can be devastating. There are several types of water pollution, but most of them is caused by human impacts, waste waters, sewage, radiactive chemicals, heavy metals, etc...

To demonstrate a model for ecological determination and phytoremediation of heavy metal accumulation by using microphytes-macrophytes as bioindicators, structure and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems were studied at more sites of the river basin and sides of the Miljacka River (central Bosnia and Herzegovina). Aquatic macrophytes are unchangeable biological filters and they carry out purification of the water bodies by accumulating dissolved metals and toxins in their tissue. This project show that the aquatic macrophytes play a very significant role in removing the different metals from the aquatic environments.  They probably play a major role in reducing the effect of high concentration of heavy metals. Macrophytes are aquatic plants, growing in or near water that are either emergent, submerged or floating. Macrophytes are beneficial to lakes and rivers because they provide food and settler for fish and aquatic invertebrates. They also produce oxygen, which helps in overall lake functioning, and provide food for some fish and other wildlife. And they're essential for water detoxification.

After that, we suggest some methods that may be used in order to purify the water using theese 'nature cleaners'. Therefore, the macrophyte and microphyte communities of the Miljacka River area need to be protected and restored on a priority basis.

Bugün, çevre kirliliği özellikle su kirliliği çağdaş insanlığın en ciddi sorununu teşkil etmektedir. Su kirliliğinin getirdiği en büyük problemlerden ilki içme suyu sıkıntısıdır. Bildiginiz gibi yeryüzünde en çok gereksinim duyulan madde su dur.  Gezegenimizin % 70 sularla kaplıdır ama  yeryüzündeki  bulunan suyun sadece% 3 içilebilir  ve onunda sadece% 0,3 yenilenebilir-dönüştürülebilir özelliktedir, bu yüzden su tüketiminde çok dikkatli ve duyarlı olmak giderek dahada çok önem arz etmektedir. Günümüzde, su kirliliği insanlık için en önemli sorunlardan biridir ve etkileri yıkıcı bir düzeye ulaşmış bulunmaktadır. Maalesef su kirliliğinin büyük bir kısmı insan etkileri sonucu oluşmuştur; atık sular, kanalizasyon, radyoaktif kimyasallar, ağır metaller vs ..

Biz bu projemizde kirliliği durdurmak amacıyla iki yöntem kullanılabilecegini öneriyoruz: endüstriyel yöntemler (bu ileride daha da büyük kirlilige yol açabilir) ve 'doğal temizleyiciler'  makrofitler & mikrofitler kullanılabilir.

Makrofitler çok etkin ve gözlemlenebilir dogal biyolojik filtrelerdir. Çünkü dokuları agır ve zehirli metalleri toplayabilme özelliğine sahiptir. Makrofitler su yakınında veya suya, batık yada su yüzeyinde büyürler. Balık ve su omurgasızları için yiyecek ve yerleşim alanı sağladıkları için nehir ve göllere yararlıdırlar. Ayrıca, genel nehir ve göl dinamiklerinin işleyişinde önemli rol oynarlar; oksijen üretmek ve bazı balık ve diğer yaban hayatı için yiyecek sağlamak gibi.

Bu bitkiler temel su detoksifikasyon için gereklidirler ve suyu filtre ederek agır metallerden temizleyebilirler. Bu yüzden makrofitler ağır metal oranı yüksek ortamlarda suların arıtılmasında kullanılabilirler. Bu çalışma sırasında yakın nehirlerden, bazı su ve makrofit numuneleri alıp ağır metallerin miktarı ölçüldü. Bu çalışma, sucul makrofitlerin su ortamlarından farklı ağır metallerin arıtılmasında çok önemli rol oynadıklarını göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, Miljacka Nehri bölgesindeki makrofit ve mikrofit toplulukların korunması ve yeniden restore edilmesi teklif edilmiştir.

Bird collisions to windows are serious threats for birds living in urban or suburban areas, at least 100,000,000 birds are killed and even more are injured every year all around the world by collisions with windows. Ornithologists have been studying this phenomenon for decades and their findings are very conclusive; birds simply do not recognize glass as a barrier. During daytime, birds often fly head-on into windows, confused by the reflection of trees or sky. This is a common occurrence even in the suburbs at homes and glassy office campuses. Of the birds that suffer head trauma, over half die.

Additionally, scientists have observed that at night, the flushing lights of buildings seem to confuse birds, especially during cloudy, foggy or rainy weather. Large masses of birds are often found around high sky-scrapers during day, and at night birds pretend to fly above the high flushing lights. Because light causes the windows of the building to behave as a mirror, birds can not recognise the windows as barrier and ultimately they crash the windows very seriously causing them to die or get injured. These birds are migranting annually and they keep going to fly at nigh and day. During some weather conditions and due to these "killer" buildings, the death toll can be in the hundreds per day.

Birds are attracted by the lights not only at the top of the buildings but also by the lights in mid-level office windows and ground level lobbies and atriums. Recent researches by ornithologists confirmed that simply turning off bright lights or closing blinds reduces bird deaths by 83%. In our project, the proposals mentioned below is to prevent the bird collisions to mirror like windows and save their lives;

Using recognisable patterns outside of the buildings can decrease the number of bird deaths.

Using precautionary methods may be applied to arhithecture to buildings.

The government should put some regulations for glassmade high skypers to protect the birds.

            Kentsel ya da varoş bölgelerde yaşayan kuşların ayna özelliği olan pencerelere  çarpma riskleri, kuş populasyanları açısından  ciddi bir tehdit olarak algılanmalıdır. Her yıl dünya çapında, bu yansıtıcı özellikli pencere camları en az 100.000.000 kuş öldürmekte ve daha fazlasıda çarpışmalar neticesinde yaralanmaktadır. Biz bu çalışmamızda çarpmalar sonucu oluşan kuş ölümlerinin önüne geçmede kullanılabilecek yöntemler üzerinde yoğunlaştık.

Kuşbilimciler yıllarca süren araştırmalar sonucunda  çok kesin ve ilginç bir bulgu elde etmişlerdir;  kuşlar camları bir bariyer olarak tanıyamamaktadırlar.  Gün ışığı sırasında, kuşların çoğu uçarlarken pencerelerde agaç ve gökyüzünün yansımalarını görmeleri sonucu pencerelere çarpma ihtimalleri çok yüksektir.  Cam çardaklı evlerde, gökdelenlerde ve cam kaplı ofis binalarında  bu durum çok yaygındır. Sonuç olarak, çarpışmadan sonra kafa travması geçiren kuşların yaklaşık olarak yarısı ölürler diğer yarısıda ağır olarak yaralanırlar.

Ayrıca, gece parlak ışıklar yayan gökdelenlerde, bulutlu, sisli veya yağmurlu havalarda kuşlar şaşırarak çarpışmalar meydana gelmektedir ve bir çok kuş yaralanır veya ölür. Bazı hava koşulları sırasında ve büyük katil yapılar sayesinde, ölü sayısı bir günde yüzlerce olabilir. Ayrıca, kuşlar yalnızca binaların başındaki ışıklara değil, orta düzey ofis pencerelerindeki ve zemin seviyesinde lobi ve atriyumlardaki ışıklarada ilgi duyarlar. Kuşbilimciler tarafından yapılan son araştırmalarda, sadece parlak ışıkları kapatarak ya da güneşlikleri kapatarak % 83 oranında kuş ölümlerinin azaltılabiliniceği doğrulanmıştır.

Bu projede, çarpmalardan kaynaklanan ölümleri ve yaralanmaları önlemek için aşagıdaki yöntemler teklif edilmektedir:

1-Binaların dış kısımlarında algılanabilir şekil ve modellerin kullanılması kuş ölümlerinde azalmayı sağlayacaktır.

2-Binaların dış mimarisine uyarıcı teknikler kullanılabilir.

3-Hükümet kuşları korumak amacı ile cam giydirme yüksek binalara bazı kanuni yaptırımlar uygulayabilir.

SUMMARY

Measurements of the rainfall were implemented – from 01 January 2009 till 31 December 2009 and seasonal (winter and summer) measurements of the river of Banshtitsa, which crosses the town.

Present investigation includes measurements of the physical parameters of the water of river of Banshtitsa in the urban part of town of Kyustendil. Samples are taken and measurements are done by intervals of 250 m along the river and by this way environmental monitoring of 3 km interval is done. It is measured acidity of the water (pH), temperature of the water (t,°C), conductivity (ЕС, µS), total dissolved sulfur (TDS, ppm). Additionally parameters are established during the next winter measurements: free, total and combined chlorine Cl, acidity pH, cyanuric acid CYS, total alkalinity CaCO3, free, total and combined copper Cu, iron Fe, Nitrate and Nitrite

Radiation of the air and water was measured also. Air parameters are measured for SO2, CH4, CO, H2, and О2. The content of CH4 and CO2 is measured also with interferometer. We have done microscopic studies of the sediment of the river for presence of waste detritus.

As a result of the project we have done the following conclusions: we think that one decision for decreasing of the pollution of the air and acidity of the rains is gasification of the town. Other way for protection of the urban environment is using of renewable energy sources – solar, wind and geothermal. The high acidity of the precipitations during the winter and spring of 2009 caused poor and sick agricultural crops. For protection of the biodiversity of the region it is important to be solved the problem with the domestic heating during the winter for decreasing of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of the town, which cause high acidity of the rainfalls. The soils of the Kyustendil cattle are naturally acid with pH=5,5-6,5 and the acid rains might break delicate border of рН=5,0, where the fruit trees live difficult and the traditional wealth of the region might be lost

As a result of implemented study of the Banshtitsa River we suggest following decisions about protection of the surface river water in the town:

1. Purifying plant to be build in the place where the river entries in the town with a view to improving of the ecology of urban environment and decreasing of the stinks spreading from the river. This may be done with the help of the European funds.

2. Observed household and business canals should be led to the central sewerage.

3. The river bed must be cleaned from the dumped waste. As a result of our publications, Municipality of Kyustendil together with the District Administration Kyustendil, took measures and the river bed had been cleaned up. The illegal landfill in the beginning of the town was cleaned up largely. Next measurements of water parameters show that the alkalescence of the water at this place is lower, which confirms that the reason for the contamination has been the illegal landfill.

4. At the exit of the river from the town, the river bed must be cleaned from the dumped coal ash and measures should be taken for solving of the problem with household waste water and illegal landfills in the poor housing complex “East”.

5. Municipality of Kyustendil should present for the inhabitants special non-combustible containers for collection of the coal ash and its deposition in special landfills, for example the depot for coal ash of Electric plant “Bobov dol”.

            6. Strategy for decreasing of using of fossil fuels (coal) for domestic heating should be elaborated by the Municipality of Kyustendil.

            7. Investigation should be implemented in detail for establishment of the reasons for high radiation of the water and determination if it is a natural process or a result of human activity and taking of measures. After cleaning of the landfill, which is crossed by the river, the radiation values are not changed and they are higher again than the natural radioactive background.

            8. Finally, the Municipality of the town must change its decision to culvert the river for building of parking places and shopping centers.

            Vegetable gardens along the river have normal concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and normal acidity. It means that the people of the town do not use a lot of artificial fertilizers and chemicals, but the gardens and parks which are property of the Municipality have high concentration of nitrate. We expected opposite results. Business places also are contaminant of the soils for example gas stations, hopping places, car-washes, plants, and other. Soils at these places are characterized with high acidity and concentrations of nitrate and nitrite. The Municipality administration should take measures for these contaminations.

Main characteristic of the air is the high level of dust content, which is a result of the excavation works for changing of the drainage system of the town. The main mistake is using of the waste material from the Lead-Zink mining industry for filling the excavations with the drainage pipes. The mining waste is not appropriate for covering of drinking water pipelines. The measurements show that several crossroads of the town are contaminated with some gases, which are results of the transportation. Two crossroads had high concentrations of hydrogen 20 ppm and carbon dioxide 10 ppm.  All other crossroads have lower gas contamination.

As a result of the executed measurements we can say that the radiation background in the town is normal. It varies between normal values 0,16-0,20 µSv/h. Only in separate days it reaches the alarm level of 0,36 µSv/h or little bit more, but we think that it is a result of days with high level of natural ionizing radiation, provoked by natural phenomenon – meteorological or geological as snowing, thunderstorms, earthquakes. Another reason might be the influence of the Osogovo Plutonic syenite which is closely to the town.

Radiation of the rain and snow in the studied period is also normal, but in case of thunderstorms, heavy rain and snow, the radiation of the water increases and usually reaches the alarm level 0,36 µSv/h or over alarm level 0,44 µSv/h in cases of hail.

The radiation of the surface water of river of Banshtitsa is high as we are not able to determine exactly the reason for it. Probably it is a natural process, because of the fact that the river springs and flows through the Osogovo Plutonic syenite. But on the other hand the points with highest radiation are at the places with high contamination of the water – the illegal landfill, culverted interval, and the canal.  Also in the “Iztok” Housing complex, where is a place for dumping of coal ash, the radiation of the water was again very high. We measured radiation 0,36 µSv/h at all above mentioned points in spite of the low radiation of the air at these places.

Studied spring, mineral and drinking water in the town have normal radiation values 0,20 µSv/h.

Radiation of the soils is normal also with an exception of one point, where we measured 0,36 µSv/h.

Main decision from the present scientific work is that it is necessary permanent radiological control for all components of the urban environment in the town of Kyustendil with view of protection of the environment and human health as well as public awareness about the measurements.

Archimedes Pump

ABSTRACT

ARSIMET SU VIDASI

PROJE OZETI

Ismini bulusu yapan Arsimet’ten alan Arsimet su vidasi sivilari dusuk seviyeden daha yuksek seviyelere pompalamak icin kullanilmaktadir.  Calisma prensibi basit ve dusuk maliyetlidir. Genelde ya insane gucuyle ya da bir motor vasitasiyla icindeki spiral halkanin donmesi sonucu sivilari yukarilara tasir.

Bu projenin amaci ucuz, verimi yuksek ve koylulerin de kolayca imal edebilecegi bir pompa yapmaktir. Proje kapsaminda iki cesit pompa tasarlanmistir.

Birinci pompa ici bos bir borudan meydana gelmis olup spiral bir halka icerisine gecirilmistir.  Halkanin (vida) donmesi sonucu sivilar borunun alt kismindan ust kismina dogru aktarilmaktadir.

Birinci pompa tipinin aksine, ikinci tasarimda ince bir plastik boru silindir seklindeki baska bir borunun etrafina sardirilmistir. Calisma prensibi onceki pompa tasarimi ile aynidir.

Iki degisken uzerine olcumler alinmistir: Pompalarin yatay ile yaptigi egim ve donme hizi. Alinan datalar isiginda pompalarin en verimli calisma sartlari tespit edilecektir.

Henuz proje sonlandirilmadigi icin herhangi bir sonuc belirtilmemektedir.

Arsimet su vidasi kirsal kesimlerde su kaynagina yakin yerlerde kullanilabilmektedir. Myanmar gibi henuz insane gucunun cokca kullanildigi yerlerde bir sulama sistemi olarak kullanilabilir. Su tasimanin halen daha kova veya benzeri seylerle yapildigi yerlerde zaman ve is gucu bakimindan Arsimet pompasi iyi bir alternative olabilir.

Ismini bulusu yapan Arsimet’ten alan Arsimet su vidasi sivilari dusuk seviyeden daha yuksek seviyelere pompalamak icin kullanilmaktadir.  Calisma prensibi basit ve dusuk maliyetlidir. Genelde ya insane gucuyle ya da bir motor vasitasiyla icindeki spiral halkanin donmesi sonucu sivilari yukarilara tasir.

Bu projenin amaci ucuz, verimi yuksek ve koylulerin de kolayca imal edebilecegi bir pompa yapmaktir. Proje kapsaminda iki cesit pompa tasarlanmistir.

Birinci pompa ici bos bir borudan meydana gelmis olup spiral bir halka icerisine gecirilmistir.  Halkanin (vida) donmesi sonucu sivilar borunun alt kismindan ust kismina dogru aktarilmaktadir.

Birinci pompa tipinin aksine, ikinci tasarimda ince bir plastik boru silindir seklindeki baska bir borunun etrafina sardirilmistir. Calisma prensibi onceki pompa tasarimi ile aynidir.

Iki degisken uzerine olcumler alinmistir: Pompalarin yatay ile yaptigi egim ve donme hizi. Alinan datalar isiginda pompalarin en verimli calisma sartlari tespit edilecektir.

Henuz proje sonlandirilmadigi icin herhangi bir sonuc belirtilmemektedir.

Arsimet su vidasi kirsal kesimlerde su kaynagina yakin yerlerde kullanilabilmektedir. Myanmar gibi henuz insane gucunun cokca kullanildigi yerlerde bir sulama sistemi olarak kullanilabilir. Su tasimanin halen daha kova veya benzeri seylerle yapildigi yerlerde zaman ve is gucu bakimindan Arsimet pompasi iyi bir alternative olabilir.

The goal of this project is to determine whether exposing chicken skin to lead metal for an extended period of time (1 week) in DI water will change the Young’s modulus of the skin. The aim of using lead in this experiment is to be able to apply any findings to real-world situations in which people become exposed to lead through their water pipes. If it is found that lead does have adverse effects on chicken skin, the findings can be used as a basis for further testing with human skin so that the negative health effects of lead can be further understood. This greater understanding could be used to generate more awareness of the possible harms of lead exposure and to develop treatments against lead poisoning. Based on literature findings on the composition of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin, it is hypothesized that lead exposure will make the skin more fragile and prone to breakage than normal, resulting in a lower Young’s modulus than unexposed skin. By comparing the Young’s moduli of the lead-exposed skin samples to the Young’s moduli of unexposed samples using a one-tailed, unpaired t-test in Excel, p<0.05 did reveal that the Young’s modulus of the exposed samples were significantly less than that of the unexposed samples.

Due to the car accidents, especially those which sink in water, we made a new invention that will change some people’s mind who thinks that airbags aren’t useful all the time. AIRBAGS AROUND THE CAR. A car that has two airbags under it & sensors under the side windows directly.

When any car falls in the water, a sensor will work to activate these airbags, they push the car up to float on the water. The sensors have an important role, as if the water reached a certain level of the car, sensors will work with a certain pressure of the water. The airbags will be filled with the helium gas according to the weight of the car.

Lately, the world has witnessed lots of maritime accidents that caused loss of millions of innocent souls and economics resources. Think of that, how the world faces serious problems due to these great catastrophic events. I asked myself how we could decrease the number of people who are dying in those accidents. Every problem has a solution and the solution this time is in our hands. My aim is to find an alternative way to help Maritime Safety Agency  in decreasing the number of souls loss. I have done deep researches around some of reasons that cause people death in such accidents. Also I consulted the specialized professors and engineers in this research.

My hypothesis for this project is about:

- The type of sensor.

- The type of microcontroller .

- The type of materials .

- The type of mobile software . 

At the end of my work I found that many of life saving equipment are not provided with advanced techniques, no communication devices, no protective of (bad weather condition – salt water – mammal or fish predators), I am working on the developing of  some life saving equipment to be much better . The core of my project focuses on communication problems, I used a mobile device of its specifications is GPS, I designed a software which sends (SOS) saving our souls signals in SMS, with a simple way .

In summer 2006 the first wasp spider (Argiope bruennichi) in Estonia was found on Saaremaa, in Lümanda parish, in Jõgela village. For summer 2009 this area has become a place, where lives the biggest permanent population of wasp spiders as known in Estonia.

Objectives for the research were giving a review of wasp spiderʼs biology; examining wasp spiderʼs distribution in Saare county and elsewhere in Estonia; composing a map of wasp spidersʼ localities in Estonia and measuring and describing wasp spiders, their orb webs and egg cocoons. Hypothesisʼ of the research were: first, that the wasp spider has significantly extended its habitat in West Saaremaa; second, that the wasp spider is besides Saare county low-distributed in the mainland of Estonia and third, that wasp spiders are extending their habitat to the north.

The wasp spider is one of the biggest spiders in Europe. Itʼs from North Africa, but since the begging of the last century it has begun extending its habitat to Europe, where it has become a common species now. The female wasp spider has silver cephalothorax, yellow-black striped abdomen and striped legs. The male is pale brown and much smaller than the female. The female wasp spider weaves a vertical zigzag line on its orb web – a stabilimentum. Reproduction happens in July and in August the female wasp spider weaves an egg cocoon, lays her eggs in it and then dies in autumn. Young wasp spiders hatch next spring.

Practical works were carried out in Saare county, in Lümanda parish, in Jõgela and in Karala village in August and September of 2009. All examined wasp spiders were found on high vegetation alvars. A total of 50 females, 2 males, 50 orb webs and 11 egg cocoons were found. Wasp spidersʼ abdomen length (medium 11 mm, in foreign literature 13 mm) and width, cephalothorax length, orb webʼs height, width and height from the ground and egg cocoonʼs diameter (medium 19 mm, in foreign literature about 25 mm) and height from the ground was measured.

A map of West Estonian wasp spidersʼ localities was composed, based on confirmed findings.

The purposes of the research were fulfilled and the hypothesisʼ proved. As a new species in our fauna the wasp spider must hereafter be monitored.

Summary

The ear is the second most important sense organ after sight. A human ear is divided into outer, middle, and inner ear. Sound waves, created by resonating bodies, move along the outer ear onto the tympanic membrane and make it resonate. The vibrations are forwarded to the inner ear, which in turn sends relevant signals to the brain and thus, a person can hear different sounds. The ear is a very sensitive organ. Even the littlest traumas can potentially end tragically. Out of different ear diseases people are aware of the inflammation of the middle ear only, but there are other, less known illnesses. A human’s hearing is rather weak, distinguishing the sounds between 16 – 20 000 Hz. Dolphins, for instance, can also distinguish the sound waves over 100 000 Hz.

Noise can be described as a strong and loud sound which disturbs a person either mentally or physically. A human being hears sounds of different intensity in his daily life. For instance, a normal human voice has the intensity of 60 dB. A jet plane takes off with the intensity of 130 dB from the distance of 300 metres. A sound of such intensity creates pain in the ear and it is very dangerous to the ear. Sounds of 85 dB are hazardous to the sense of hearing if it lasts for a longer period of time.

The empirical part of the research showed that the average noise level during the breaks in Paide Ühisgümnaasium (Paide Co-educational Gymnasium) is 76.8 dB, which is almost 10 dB lower than the danger level of 85 dB. That indicates that the noise in our school should not affect the sense of hearing. On the other hand, the noise level in the hallway of the elementary classes is higher than the average – 81.8 dB and 80.6 dB – which is closer to the dangerous limits. However, during some breaks the average noise rose above 85 dB. During the 20 minutes of the break, though, it should not affect the hearing. Instead, it can do mental harm to a person, making him feel tired and generally exhausted. These main effects of noise to both students and teachers were also indicated in the questionnaire filled in by teachers. Additionally, the scientists have found that a high noise level caused high blood pressure, which in turn causes cardiac diseases. The teachers understand the problem. School radio was indicated as the main source of noise (as it is turned too high) and it was said that instead of creating better mood, it just creates more noise. Also, it was quite ingeniously offered that the school should use more noise-resistant building materials.

In my opinion, the results were surprising, as the noise in the schoolhouse seems high at times and the average of 76.8 dB seems a bit too low. At the same time there are several calm places in the schoolhouse where people can go to rest for the next lesson. I personally have not been affected by the noise and I have not sensed that the noise is too high. It may be because I am already used to it. It is difficult to offer specific solutions that would be possible to carry out, because it is evident that several hundreds of children create considerable noise just by talking to each other, and that would be difficult to avoid as the children need to relax and take it out between lessons. The only possible solution would be turning down the music from the school radio, as offered in the questionnaire, or at least turning the loudspeakers off in the noisier areas as the noise is too high to hear the radio there anyway.

The empiric part of this research was done during quite a short period, as it was impossible to borrow the equipment for longer. Therefore, it would be useful to continue the research and carry out more thorough measuring to get more objective results.

There was produced synthetic and natural polymeric substances huge assortment in the beginning of XXI century. In the same time there are some destructive and aggressive microorganisms, which have an influence upon polymer in two processes. 1) Direct influence upon polymer which is also known as biodegradation. 2) Non-direct influence - microorganism’s metabolism’s products influence.

Microorganisms grow and settle in the environment on the various material surfaces and they can cause epidemiologically perilous statement, which stipulates microorganisms’ diffusion in the wide area.  This statement creates special ecological peril in the enclosed area, for example in the space vehicles.

Various poly functional adhesive polymeric matrix bio actual substances modification by substances that have high bio actual properties is used for the protection of synthetic microorganisms’ action. By this process are created a new polymeric protection veils.

Creation of polymer, which has a Bio actual properties is a new kind of protection method from natural and synthetic substances’ microorganisms’ actions and this  is much more effective and available methods than an old ones. And the new method foresees: 1) the protection of materials’ biological destruction and non controlled bio degradation in the various industrials. 2) Inhibition of grows of those microorganisms which cause inflammatory processes in animals and in humans’ body.  3) Prophylaxis and treatment in humans’ diseases caused by a microorganism.

We have used fluorine alkyl and met acrylic groups together. They contain silicon organic oligomers that modifies well-known anti bio corrosion protective surface thermal and hydrophobic properties.

Adamant -1- carbon acid hydrazide was chosen as a bio active component. Adamant -1- carbon acid hydrazide and acetone 1-adamantine oil hydrazones and some other d-metal salts are synthesizing new coordinative compounds. Hydrogen bonds have ability to create active biologic d-metallic initial ligands with polymeric dipole-dipolic matrix. 

We studied the I-XVII (scheme 4) antibacterial and fungicidal activities of synthesized nitro compounds and complex compounds that consist of adamantine - the influence of some photo photogenic test-organism: Fusarium, Pectobacterium aroideae, Fusarium arenaceum, Autinomyces Griseus growth and development.

By use of microorganisms compounds action was obtained new affective anti bio corrosive protective surface and conservers.

One  of  the  prospective  tendencies  for  the  economic  progress  of  many  countries  is  the  development  of  innovative  composite  technologies on  the  basis  of  unconventional  raw  materials  containing  a  great  quantity  of  bioactive  components. Subtropical  persimmon  is  a  very  good  choice  among  such  unconventional  raw  materials.

Persimmon  fruit  are  tasty, sweet, they  have  great  nutritious  and  medicinal  properties. They  are  rich  in  sugar, vitamins, cellulose, pectin  and  other  substances. Persimmon  plant  was  introduced  to  Adjara  back  in  1889, and  nowadays  it  takes  vast  cultivation  areas. Yet  despite  all  the  above  persimmon  benefits, no  persimmon  processing  technologies  have  been  developed  up  to  date  due  to  the  great  many  persimmon  varieties  each  having  specific  composition  and  characteristics  to  be  considered  in  each  particular  industrial  case. And  this  makes  it  difficult  to  develop  a  general  technological  mode  for  the  persimmon  fruit  processing. 

Twelve  persimmon (Diospyros Kaku L) varieties  were  investigated. Persimmon  fruit  chemical  composition  and  bioactive  substance  content  were  determined; change  mechanisms  during  the  periods  of  fruit  ripening,storage and technological  processing  were  studied; industrial  technology  and  formulations  of  the  new persimmon  product  assortment  were  developed, namely  a  concentrate  and  beverages  having  high  organoleptic  properties, and  also  a  concentrated  milk  drink  from  persimmon  for  the  nutrition  of  healthy  and  sick  children  from  ecologically  polluted  regions. It  is  proved  by  clinical  trials  to  remove  radionuclides  from  a  human  organism.

    Nowadays ecological problems are all around the world. In spite of nationality, every person is obliged and responsible to assist this universal problem. The term ecology is derived from the Greek words oikos (house) and logos (study). Hence, we are living in such kind of house, where already doesn’t exist pure water, fresh air and healthy food.

     Nowadays in the world contemporary processes: landslide,  rock-fall,  karstal and tectonic movements are actively going.

     Every environmental problem has causes, numerous effects, and most importantly, a solution.

    My aim is to offer society  one of the most practical and economical means against the ecological problems, such as rock-fall, landslide an karstal movements. This arrangement implies planting ivy (hedera).

  In my country, Georgia, are the problems, that I have mentioned above.  Rock-fall made people feel danger, in my village chiatura. Because of this, me, my family and neighbours planted ivy,in order to protect rocks from falling.

How can Earthworms and Terra Preta Contribute to Climate Protection?

Hundreds of millions of people on our Earth suffer from malnutrition and even hunger. Chemical fertilizer to improve agricultural yield is expensive and will be even more so in the near future. In developing countries this is a growing problem. Adding to the grave situation is the serious problem of Climate Change. Is there a way of tackling both problems at the same time? We are convinced that earthworms and the production of terra preta provide a suitable answer to the problem by improving soil fertility and sequestering carbon at the same time.

Earthworms – a much underestimated little creature: It has been known for a long time that earthworm droppings (also called castings) greatly enhance soil fertility. So we have done some research into optimal living conditions for the earthworm species eisenia fetida, which are still a matter of dispute. While some experts contend that pH is of no importance, we found out that earthworms prefer a neutral pH. This was achieved by carrying out a number of earthworm avoidance tests. We also improved and developed a number of different breeding boxes for earthworms that can easily be adapted to serve individual purposes.We also passed on our knowledge to local kindergartens and schools in order to help young children understand the importance of earthworms and improve their readiness to care for them.

Terra Preta is a combination of soil, biochar and micro-organisms that enhance plant growth. Fertility tests of terra preta soils have shown that terra preta is far superior to ordinary soils, even if fertilizers are applied to the latter. A further benefit of terra preta lies in the fact that the biochar   will remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for hundreds or even thousands of years.

Special stoves are used to produce the biochar. We have looked into and improved different stove designs.  Additionally we have published a number of articles to inform the public. We are also in contact with some of the world's leading experts on terra preta from whom we expect to gain further insight into this fascinating topic.

              SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT:

One way to test for the presence of toxic compounds in a water sample is a bio-assay.In a bio-assay , a living organism serves as a detector for toxins-the same way canaries were used in coal-mines to detect invisible toxic gases.In this project guppy fishes(Poecilia reticulata), a most popular fresh water species are used in a bio-assay to monitor water quality.Many variations of the experiment are possible.

Summary of the Project

Soya liquid waste is a big problem for environment especially in the river system. This problem should be solved by reducing, reusing, recycling and increasing the values of soya liquid waste. Soya liquid waste is a benefit product that contains organic compounds which is consisted of carbohydrate, lipid and protein which are useful as production substrates of Single Cell Protein (SCP). This is a new innovation that is needed to be developed. Observation about utilization of soya liquid waste for Single Cell Protein (SCP) production with using Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and Bifidobacteria sp has done.

This research was done by producing MRSB and MRSA media, doing sterilization of equipments and materials, doing inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria sp  aseptically  into the Erlenmeyer tube that contains MRSB. The process of growth step was done by using shaker for two weeks. The pureness checking of colony Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and Bifidobacteria sp microscopically by doing Gram staining, and then the centrifugation process was done to get pellet. Put the pellet on the petri dishes and move it into the oven with temperature of 30^oC. The dried pellet from the oven was moved immediately into a mortar. It was mixed with 2 gram of lactose as carrier. The last step from our research was put the pellet result from two separated bacteria with 2 gram lactose into the capsules.

In this research, we produced SCP supplement in the form of capsules.  Based on the composition analysis of the product  it was obtained that the protein rates of Single Cell Protein (SCP) production from soya liquid waste by using Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and Bifidobacteria sp are 35.1 % and 39.9 % of protein. The 5.27 % content of pure soya liquid waste shows very significant increased protein content compared with the 39% and 35.1% of Single Cell Protein (SCP) production from soya liquid waste by using Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and Bifidobacteria sp . This information shows that soya liquid waste can be used as the base of Single Cell Protein (SCP) development of organic waste utilization.

Keywords : Soya liquid waste, Single Cell Protein (SCP), Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria sp

Indonesian wild and edible fungi or mushroom is abandon in nature since territory of Indonesia is in equatorial lane. Chemical pollutant in environment such as chlorinated phenols and anilines are transformed and detoxified in soil through oxidative coupling reactions mediated by enzymes. In our  project we use indigenous Indonesian wild mushroom as source of enzyme oxidoreductase, because mushroom contain special enzyme laccase which are high affect to degrade toxic pollutants via oxidative coupling and dehalogenation of aromatics pollutant . So we testing the degradation capability of crude enzyme of laccase extracted from local mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus , tested against local DDT pesticides. As a result our research find new material with environment-friendly agent as a potential biocatalyst from local territory that has high activity to breakdown of complex compounds to simple and non-toxic products. So we discovered new material from abandon wild mushroom shown capability as biocatalyst via simple organic reaction, and  can be used as alternative new catalyst agent  to replace expensive chemical reagents.

A B S T R A C T

            Environmental pollution caused by plastic and other waste is increasing in time and has caused a devastating impact to the health of living organism. Plastic, which usually used for food container is not a biodegradable material and the recycling of it will produce carbon dioxide that is dangerous to the ozone layer. Another material usually used for food container is cellulose based on material with thin plastic coating on the surface to make it insoluble to water or other fluid.

The purpose of this project is to develop a new type of material to be used as a food container by using cellulose as based materials coated with a bio-degradable composite material. Cellulose can be easily degraded and has no negative impact to the environment. The composite material coating is made from chitin (chitosan) that has been isolated from the shrimp waste. There are two main reasons why shrimp waste was chosen in this project. Firstly, shrimp skin mainly made up of chitin that can be treated to become chitosan which is insoluble to water, biocompatible, non-toxic, anti-bacteria and also bio-degradable. Secondly, shrimp waste is very disturbing waste because of the smell and it takes a long time to degrade naturally.

Chitosan and gelatin molecule structures are able to form hydrogen bonds to for a composite material. The shrimp skeleton, from the shrimp waste, is made into powder before chitosan can be isolated from chitin using ethanoic acid (concentration of 2%). After the chitosan is perfectly isolated from chitin, it is then combine with gelatin to become homogeny solution. During the experiment, several mass ratios between chitosan and gelatin are tested. The chitosan-gelatin solutions, is then applied as material coating on the cellulose based food container.

Because the size of the chitosan’s molecule is very small ( in the order of nano millimeter ), this composite can be treated with nano-technology Plasma spray is used for the coating process. The coated material is tested for:  tensile strength, the ability to keep foods from bacteria and fungi, absorbance in water, oil and electrolyte (NaCl).

Experimental results show that the cellulose based paper coated with chitosan and gelatin can be used as food container because it is strong, insoluble to water and other liquid, non-toxic, able to keep food from bacteria and fungi, and bio-degradable 

Keywords :  chitin, cellulose, bio-degradable material, coating

ABSTRACT

Milasari, Nina., Kartika, Christina. 2010. ”The Use of Sugar Factory Dust in Making Seismic-resistant Bricks”. Research. Senior High School 5 Madiun, Indonesia. Advisor: (1) Imam Zuhri,S.Pd, (2) Daroini, S.Pd, (3) Suharlinah, S.Pd.

Keywords : Sugar factory dust, Seismic-resistant bricks.

Indonesia is high risk country dealing with natural disaster i.e. earthquake. The impact of earthquake would be great. A lot of people are killed, a lot of valuable properly damaged, people are homeless, people loss their family. To minimize the great impact of earthquake, people have to find solution to survive. One of the alternatives to survive is to construct good quality infrastructure. People have to consider carefully how to construct infrastructure to the places where people often face the problem i.e. using uncommon seismic-resistant brick. Uncommon seismic-resistant brick is brick that made by mixing bad clay and dust. Bad clay that can be found from under surface layer. Why we should use bad clay from under surface layer. The answer is because of looking for the places whether good layer clay is difficult. By considering this problem we try to use the clay that is not at the first layer.

In Madiun area, East Java province, there are three sugar factories. They are Pagotan Sugar Factory, Kanigoro Sugar Factory, and Rejo Agung Sugar Factory. Every sugar factory has the same kinds of wastes like mollases, filtercakes, dusts, baggasses, and liquid wastes. Dust is the focus of the study. Dust in a big amount is usually only placed in the area rented by the factory. It is not used or recycled as well. If these sugar factory wastes only pilled in a long time, it will be burnt by the sun. It is because dust is active carbon. It will pollute the air, and it will be dangerous for people around that place. It may cause mild irritation to the respiratory problem, mild irritation and redness for skin contact, mild irritation and possible reddening for eye contact, prolonged inhalation of excessive dust may produce pulmonary disorders. When it pilled for a long time it will be threatening our life. The place around the dust is getting burnt. When people step on that place their feet will get blustered.

Above all, the using of sugar factory dust in making bricks is expected to be a good solution to this problem. The formulations of this research are how the using of sugar factory dust in making seismic-resistant bricks? And what are the impacts from the use of sugar factory dust to  the environment? Based on the statement of the problems above, the objectives of this study are to know how the using of sugar factory dust in making seismic-resistant bricks and what are the impacts from the use of sugar factory dust to the environment.

Bu projede etrafındaki tüm hareketleri algılayan bir sensor kullandık. Böylece biri çöp kutusuna birşey attığında sensor bu hareketi algılayacak bu sayede çöp kutusunun içerisinde bulunan kendi dizayn ettiğimiz bir alet sensorden aldığı sinyal sonucunda çalışacak ve bizim iöerisine koyduğumuz jetonlardan birtanesini dışarıya atacak ve çöpü atan çocuk bu jetonu alacak ve belirlenen sayıda jeton topladıktan sonra  okul idaresinin belirlediği hediyeyi almaya hak kazanacak. Bu proje anaokulu ve ilk okullardaki küçük yaştaki çocuklar  için düşünüldü. Çünkü insanlar tüm eğitimini küçük yaştayken tamamlar ve ayrıca küçük yaştaki bir çocuğa birşeyi yaptırmak  ve onu alışkanlık haline getirmesini sağlamak için ,o şeyi devamlı yaptırmalıyız ve eğlenceli hale getirmeliyiz . Bunun için  yaptığı işe   karşılık ödül vermek  bu işi daha çabuk sevmesine sebeb olur. Ayrıca projemizde atılan çöplerin geri dönüşümü için ayrı bölümlerde mevcuttur: kağıt , plastik  ve cam  olmak üzere üç bölümdür. Geri dönüşüm sayesinde okul idaresine ek olarak bir gelirde sağlamış oluruz.

In a study to investigate the effect of Carbon Dioxide saturated irrigation water on enhancing Lentil (Lens culinaris) and broad bean (Vicia faba)’s growth and strawberry (Fragaria ananassa)’s yields, Carbon Dioxide was injected in the irrigation water.

A number of strawberry seedlings, and (lentil and broad bean)’s beans were planted and divided into two groups (A and B), both were irrigated day after day; group (A) was irrigated with Carbon Dioxide saturated water, while group (B) was irrigated with tab water.

Biomass and the quantity of yields were measured. The results revealed a significant effect of Carbon Dioxide on enhancing plant’s growth and product as shown in figure (1).

Because in Jordan we are in semidry region, we conducted a study to investigate the effect of Carbon Dioxide saturated irrigation water on plant’s ability to resist dry conditions.

One of our hypotheses about the reason of increasing the yield: Carbon Dioxide saturated water increases the uptake of minerals and nutrients, which increases plant’s growth by increasing the minerals and nutrients solubility in water.

The other hypothesis was the increasing of growth and metabolism of micro organism in the soil. To prove that, we cultured the soil’s solution from each group of samples (A and B) on agar Petri dishes.

Karbondiokside doymuş sulama suyunun mercimek ve baklanın büyümesine ve çilek verimine etkisini incelemek için yapılan araştırmada sulama suyuna karbondioksit enjekte edildi.   

Çilek fideleri, mercimek ve baklalar dikildi ve (A-B olarak) iki gruba ayrıldı; her iki grup her gün sulandı; A grubu karbondiokside doymuş suyla sulanırken B grubu çeşme suyuyla sulandı.

Olive oil extraction is one of the most polluting agro-industrial sectors world- wide, since it produces two harmful solid and liquid products.

Solid products known as gefet while liquid products known as olive mill wastewater in Mediterrian countries.  

The solid product gefet is considered as alternative energy sources for heating in many states since it gives 2.5 times energy as a cube of wood. The smoke released has no negative impact on environment and the ash left in the stove can be used for fertilizing gardens .      

  On the other hand the liquid product olive mill wastewater (OMW) is composed of the olive fruit vegetation water . OMW is still discharged into the environment without any treatment makes this problem more invisible especially for underground and surface water because of its high organic concentration and highly content of microbial growth- inhibiting compounds such as phenol. To reduce phenol from OMW we used activated carbon  because of its large surface, high adsorption capacity and easy availability.

Ülkemiz Ürdün’ de 1.2 milyon dönüm arazide yaklaşık 17 milyon zeytin ağacı bulunmaktadır. Her geçen yıl bu rakam artmaktadır. Ürdün’de “cift” olarak anılan katı atık, alternatif  bio enerji kaynağı olarak kullalanılabilir. Aynı miktarda kullanılan  odunla kıyaslandığında 2.5 kat daha fazla ısı vermektedir. Diğer enerji kaynaklarına oranla çok daha ucuzdur. Yanma sonucu açığa çıkan dumanın çevreye olumsuz bir etkisi yoktur ve kullanım sonrası kalan külleri de gübre olarak kullanabilir. Tamamen doğal ve kimyasal hiçbir katkı maddesi olmayan bu ürün tekrar işleme tâbi tutulup sıkıldığında doğal sabun üretilebilir. 

Zeytin yağı üretimi sırasında ortaya çıkan sıvı atık miktarı ise Ürdün’de yıllık yaklaşık 220,000 m³  dür. Bu sıvı atık hâla birçok zeytin yağı üretimi yapılan ülkede hiçbir işleme tabi tutulmadan zararlı bir atık olarak çevreye bırakılmaktadır. Kontrolsüz bir biçimde çevreye bırakılan bu sıvı atık, içinde bulunan fenol gibi, kimyasal zararlı bileşiklerden dolayı çevre  ve insan sağlığı için çok ciddi problemler oluşturmaktadır. Biz projemizde aktive olmuş karbon kullanarak zeytin yağı üretiminde açığa çıkan bu sıvı atıktaki fenolü ve fenoldeki toksit maddeleri en aza indirgemeyi amaçladık. Ative edilmiş karbonla fenolü alınmış atık sıvı ile fenolü alınmamış atık sıvıyı iki ayrı meyve fidesine 5 ay boyunca uyguladığımızda, birincisinin kökünün çok geliştiğini, ikincisinin ise kurumaya doğru gittiğini gördük. Böylece bu atık sıvıdan fenolün arındırılmasıyla çevreye verilen zararın önüne geçmenin yanında yararlı bir gübre de elde etmiş olduk. Bu işlemi yaparken active edilmiş karbonu kullanmamızın sebebi ise bu maddenin kolay ve ucuz olarak elde edilebilmesi ve toksitleri emme gücünün çok yüksek olmasıdır.

In attempt to produce a new capsule coating formula for medicine, the main concept focuses on the replacement of plastic and petroleum components in the coating materials by natural renewable sources in order to help decrease the sensitivity in the stomach caused by plastics for some patients and to reduce the huge consumption of petroleum and the non-renewable sources devoted to such production all across the world.

Throughout this project, I have carried out a lot of experimental work to finally achieve a satisfying result regarding the new coating formula. From all these experiments and trials, I was able to determine the relationship between the mass of powdered lupine beans and the solubility of the mixture in the stomach acid.

By this I concluded that the solubility is affected primarily by the proportion of powdered lupine beans in the mixture; the higher the composition of lupine beans, the more time it takes for the coating to dissolve in the stomach acid solution, which leads to the fact that the drug release process in the human can be controlled to meet the pharmaceuticals’ requirements when producing medical pills and tablets.

İlaçlar için yeni bir kapsül kaplama formülü üretme teşebbüsünde ana konsept bazı hastaların midesinde plastikler tarafından meydana getirilen mide hassasiyetini azaltmak ve dünyanın her tarafında bu tür üretime tahsis edilen petrolün ve yenilenemeyen kaynakların aşırı tüketimini azaltmak için kaplama malzemelerindeki plastik ve petrol bileşenlerinin yerini yenilenebilir doğal kaynakların almasıdır.

Bu projeyi yaparken yeni kaplama formülü ile ilgili tatmin edici bir sonuca ulaşmak için pek çok deney çalışması yaptım. Bu deney ve denemelerden toz haline getirilmiş acı bakla kütlesi ile mide asidindeki karışımın çözünürlüğü arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmeyi başardım.

For the stable development of community, with the purpose of preserving the balance between developing industry and favorable ecological conditions, the auto-purifying properties of the biosphere should be utilized. This utilization should be based on the vital functions of biological objects.

 Toplumun istikrarlı kalkınması için,gelişmekte olan sanayiinin  ve olumlu çevre şartlarının  arasında  dengenın  sağlanması amacıyla, biosverin otomatik temizleme özelliklerin bertaraf edilmelidir. Bu bertaraf etme biyolojik nesnelerin yaşam fonksiyonlarına dayanmalıdır

Abstract

Heavy metals accumulation in the soil and methods of their reduction in agricultural plants

          Aim is to study accumulation of heavy metals by agricultural plants depending on their content in the soil and elaboration of methods conducive to the reduction of their detrimental effect on plants and soil.

Hypothesis. Microelements that get into soil from different sources ultimately remain on its surface and their further destiny depends on its genetic characteristics. Nevertheless, it should be considered that residence time of polluting substances in the soil is much longer than in other parts of biosphere. It should be noted here that some of microelements have great positive biological importance but with their build-up in the soil related to their gradual accumulation they go in to the category of heavy metals, cause soil contamination harmfully effecting ecosystems and finally human health moving according to the scheme “soil – plant- animal- human being”. Danger caused by HM is worsened by their weak elimination from the soil. Metals accumulated in the soil are weakly eliminated from it during eluviation, intake by plants and erosion. Concentration of microelements in the surface layer grows along with the expansion of industrial and agricultural activity.   

Existing local hygienic normative standards for soil not fully consider its buffer ability in reference to heavy metals as well as ignore protective possibilities of plants. Meanwhile, contaminated by heavy metals soil is able to give normal by sight crop products, which can be dangerous for animals and people. In this connection it is important to study metal mobility in the soil, their ingress into the soil and accumulation in plants.   

Brief description of the project – realization of the project is implemented by means of modeling of different levels of soil contamination by heavy metals and cultivation on this area of agricultural crops under the condition of small field plots experiments. 

Results – it was established: negative impact of heavy metals on the severity of build-up of raw biomass by plants under test, depression of growth and development processes, change of element chemical composition of plants, diminishing of yield, and impairment of quality.

It was also found out: positive effect of mineral fertilizers on the reduction of ingress of heavy metals in plants.

“Influence of unfavorable ecological factors to alive organisms in Aral sea region ”

  Among the environmental components organism limbs are closely linked with the impressing factors – their anthropological pollution. There are many types and volumes of polluted things. They are radionuclide, heavy metals, toxic gas, different chemical elements from plants and factories, injuries from cars, mineral resources and pesticide remains from chemical substances which are used in agricultural economy. All these things are spread in several ways to the air and to underground water, rain, and they also intend to the plants and animals.

     On the 27^th of July, 2006 at 1:43 am “Dnepr” rocket carrying 18 pieces of space machines, including Belorussian satellite “Belka”, took off from “Baykonyr” space – rocket complex  A hollow 15 meters in depth and with a diameter of 60-65 meters. The explosion was so powerful that it completely destroyed the saksaul forest 450-500 meter in diameter and 8 hectares of different types of plants, as well as the big sand mouse. Thus, it has damaged the precious nature of the Kyzylorda region, and still badly affects the wild life in that area. According to the scientists’ researches, there had never been such disasters before and nobody had ever planned or arranged how to solve this kind of problem. They had only one adequate measure to be taken in this case – the soil polluted with hepta should be dug out and buried in a definite place and entirely the surrounding must be cleared (disinfected). And this problem should be executed as soon as possible, because people in Aral (a town in Kyzylorda region) are suffering from different diseases. And that is problem for all of us, because it is not only harmful for people in Kyzylorda region, but also all over the world)

  The target of nowadays ecological disasters of Aral Sea region is getting dry of sea level every year. Flora and fauna of sea are being disappeared gradually. Pickle of soil goes fast. As the result of it fishery had been stopped, only in last 1-2 years restarted. Dwelling became worse. Toxic salt was reached to the Central Asia and damaged the agricultural economy. Pickling of soil in Uzbekistan  60%, in Kazakhstan 60-70%. All economies are damaged with it. Dry land natural landscapes are being moved to the anthropological ecosystem with the climate change of Aral Sea region. Anthropological factors directly impress to the customs and traditions, economical – social conditions of citizens. Unemployed anglers removed to another places. Nowadays in Aral Sea region residents’ health are become worse.Due to the hot weather conditions hepta is likely to spread fast in the densely populated areas.

  We made the description of the local landscape. The growth of halophytes such as saxaul, jingil, karabarkyn and shengel bushes defined the bad state of plant cover.

We paid attention to the fungi. The results of our research defined fungi Batterea Phalloides and big sand mouse. During researching morphological characters showed unfavourable ecological factors of local area caused mutation phenomena of the fungus. Among the animal kingdom in local area the sand mouse is widespread one. The appearance of mouse is similar to rat’s.

We aren’t able to include collapse of “Dnepr” like simple accident. Even in successful flight to the air through out hundred kilograms of dangerous chemical substances, but in this case danger of hepta was increased million times than usual. Nowadays according to our Republic pre-arranged 53 regions for decline rocket scraps. Especially, ecological conditions of Syr field become worse. Natural hunt of Aral Sea and “Baykonyr” rocket – space complex seriously damage citizens of this region.We want to show you the characteristics of unfavorable ecological factors in Aral Sea region. And show it’s bad influence on alive objects and environment (human, plants and animals) and give some recommendations on improve ecological state.