Aim of project: Improving new natural methods for treating diabetic disease which is called diabetes mellitus (depend on insulin concentration in blood).

Introduction: Fenugreek is an herbal supplement that is used for treating a variety of conditions such as: lowering blood sugar, lowering fever, formation of blood cells, lowering triglycerides, treating wounds, stimulating milk production in breast feeding women, lowering cholesterol, increasing tonicity of the heart, helping with loss of appetite.

Procedure: The research was done on some patients who have diabetic disease with other skin problems.  They were applied fenugreek in a period of time for a while.

Generally salt is used and thrown away as waste material to the environment.Then usually it joins into rivers by sever system and is used for watering the  plants.In the project,humiqemisoyl(humic acid + qemisoyl) is  experienced on plants and its effects observed.

How to make this filter:

1.      Place coconut fibers

2.      Place activated charcoal at the bottom of water container

3.      Place sand on the top of charcoal

4.      Place rocks on the top of sand

5.      Place sands on the top of rocks

6.      Place rocks on the top of the second layer of sands.

It is worth mentioning that in place where the coconut fibers available which is a best fungus inhibiting effect are used. These fibers place at the bottom of filter and then the activated charcoal places on the top of it. These fibers inhibit the charcoal to drop out from the filter and additionally do not allow the big articles to be dropped in the filtered water.

How does the water filter works:

Activated charcoal: is a charcoal that has been treated with oxygen to open up millions of tiny pores between the carbon atoms. The use of special manufacturing techniques results in highly porous charcoal that has surface areas of 300- 2000 square meters per gram. These so called active or activate charcoals are widely used to absorb odorous or colored substances from the gases or liquids.

The word of absorb is important here. When a material absorbs something’s it attaches to it by chemical attraction. The huge surface area of activated charcoal gives it countless bounding sites. When certain chemicals pass next to the Carbone surface they attach to the surface and are trapped.

Activated charcoal is good at trapping other Carbone based impurities.

(Organic chemicals) As well as thing like chlorine. Many other chemicals are not attracting to Carbone at all. Sodium nitrate and etc… So they pass right through. This means that an activated charcoal filter will remove certain impurities while ignoring others. It also means that once all the bonding sits are failed and activated charcoal filters, stops working.

At that point you must replace the filter.

Activated carbon acts as a catalyst in chemical reaction in removing chloramines. The transferring impurities involve two methods:

1.      Physical absorption and

2.      Chemical absorption (chemo-sorption)

The physical absorption is the gravitational force and magnetic force that pull the impurities to the pores of the activated carbon granules.

The oxidation-reduction (redox) and chemical absorption occur on the surface of the activated carbon while the physical absorption occurs in the pores of the activated carbon. The redox and chemical absorption actually change the chemicals into new chemical. For example the chlorine is change into chloride.

To interfere every kind of unacceptable changes on water sources (such as an increment on concentration of a harmful substance) by continuous monitoring by L.B.C.M Method. And to detect every kind of changes which is easily detectible by L.B.C.M Method.

It is very quick, easy and cheap to determine (detect) some offensive changes on content of water by using L.B.C.M Method. L.B.C.M Method base on-refraction principle of light.   We are using laser beam as light because of high intensity. As laser passes from one transparent medium to another, it changes speed, and bends. How much these changes happen depends on the refractive index of the mediums and the angle between the light ray and the line perpendicular (normal) to the surface separating the two mediums. Each medium (material or substance) has a different refractive index.

Oil spill is a big treat for aquatic life and makes the water unpleasant. Once it is not cleaned, it causes environmental disaster that kills marine living organisms; affect people who live close to oil spilled area as well as fishing and tourism industry. In this study, we aim to produce a new technique to deal with oil spill by using density difference between crude oil and water. And also we test absorption ability of the organic oil mats made of sawdust, hair and bark to clean remained oil.

        Our technique has two stages. In the first stage, once the emulsification of crude oil and water is formed, we drain water with a funnel-like container by using special density ball of which density is greater than oil density, but smaller than that of water. Our special density ball stays between water and oil or in other words it floats in water and sinks in the oil. And it is attached the bottom of funnel like container with a rope of 3-4 cm. The funnel allows the water to flow but does not allow oil to flow because the density ball attached to the funnel blocks the flow. We were able to clean most of the crude oil. The remaining oil was cleaned by using organic absorbent materials such as hair, sawdust and bark.  

       With our method especially, those controlled oil spill like tanker oil accident can be cleaned efficiently. By using our method, requirements of work and materials can be reduced into acceptable level; 3 quarter of crude oil can be cleaned with our method. For remaining part of crude oil, oil absorbent mats can be used. 

It is very difficult to find drinking water in deserts or islands. The purification of sea water is an expensive way to obtain water. Water is transported to those regions with expensive ways.

Air has moisture. Water is found as vapor in air. Remember a glass of cold water and formation of water around it.

If the air, with high amount of moisture, is faced with a cold surface, it leaves its moisture as water on this surface.

The problem is to form a cold surface. Refrigerators transfer the heat from inside to outside. The same logic can be used to obtain a cold surface.

The principle is;

If a gas is liquefied under high pressure it releases its kinetic energy as heat. And if its pressure is decreased suddenly it becomes gas by taking its kinetic energy from surroundings as heat. So the surroundings become cool.

Water eutrophication of Salto Grande Reservoir, province of Entre Rios, Argentina, has great impact on the development of toxigenic cyanobacteria blooms.

Many cyanobacteria species are producers of toxins, resulting in severe health and economic and environmental effects.

In order to attend to the problem of the regional cyanobacterial blooms, the aims of this research were: to design, develop and apply alternative methodologies to maximize the removal of cyanobacteria cells found in a water body.

The effectiveness of ozone in the removal of cyanobacteria was analyzed, applying 154mg/m³  in   10ml of Microcystis aeruginosa culturing, for 10, 15, 25 and 30 minutes, and counting the cells (Utermöhl method); determining chlorophyll “a” and cellular viability by means of fluorescence test and counting on agar plate BG11.

The application of 154 mg/m³ of ozone to a Microcystis aeruginosa culturing for 30 minutes produced the removal of 65% of cells recount.

Although a correlation rate r=0.94 demonstrated that there is a very good linear correlation between chlorophyll “a” reduction and cells count decrease because of ozone action, the difference in both parameters reduction percentages (cell/ml: 65%; chlorophyll a: 96%) could indicate that ozone causes cellular inactivity with greater efficiency than its physical destruction.

Thirty minutes exposition to 154 mg/m³ of ozone reduced cellular viability in a Microcystis aeruginosa culturing in more than 95%. Ozone action caused damage on the membrane and cell wall preventing the survival and development of cells found in the culturing.

The application of 0.11 mg/ml activated carbon for one hour of contact time let the removal, on average, of 76.65% of cells found in a Microcystis aeruginosa culturing, exceeding the conventional flocculants action in the same time.

When the cells count was greater than 6 x 10⁷ cel/ml and chlorophyll “a” more than 1500 mg/l, neither activated carbon achieve the adsorption of Microcystis aeruginosa cells nor the aluminum sulphate the flocculation.

CYANO Out!  produced results that could contribute to improve the quality of the regional water resources used for recreational purposes and of the drinking water in the city of Concordia.

Silver with its large reflection capability, high electrical permeability and properties such as resistance to organic matter and concentrated acids is among the most widely used metals in metal industries. Because of high cost of silver supplies in enterprises metals coated with a thin layer of silver are used. E.g. iron, copper, aluminum and brass is coated on the silver-resistant, corrosion resistant layer is obtained 

Galvanic technology represents an important place in metal industry. Production activities increasing day by day and the development of industry, the increasing use of galvanic technology industry supplies in metal plating factories has provided discharge of some metals in question into the environment with waste water.

Many studies have been made into the reuse of these metals by cleaning those using natural methods in recent years, . There have been a lot research and studies related to one of those methods - the water hyacinth .

In this study the recovery of silver taken from the recycled waste water of metal plating factory and solutions prepared in a lab was examined.

The study is aimed at recovery of silver. For this reason, a process repeated in the recycling process will be minimized and the silver consumption might lead to the decrease in cost of supplies. Silver plating bath of rinse water discharged into the effects of chemical pollution also contribute to the decrease in the direction will be provided.

The % 50 of solid waste is from organic wastes in our country. The considerable amount of the solid waste is constituted with waste sludge. Generally, the solid waste which collected randomly is carried to landfill areas, after that it is put to good usage. According to the new European Union directive, removing the organic waste to regular storage areas is prohibited. Because of the EU harmonization laws, it’s required that Countries should work on alternative technology and systems for throwing away certain quota of organic waste to outside of regular storage areas and being put them to good usage.

The most effective way of getting rid of organic wastes is composting. Composting process is transforming  a matter, being  the same as soil and called as “humus”.

In this Project, it has been studied converting waste sludge, taken from Treatment of Yeast Plant, and vinasse to end product, and, usable of obtained ripe compost as organic fertilizer on to green lands. With this aim, appropriate composting techniques have been improved. Characterization of waste sludge and vinasse has been the first step in the project. Vinas, and waste sludge have been mixed with the following proportions, a: 100% waste sludge, b: 82% waste sludge + 18% Vinasse, c: 70% waste sludge + 30% Vinasse, d: 33% waste sludge + 67% Vinasse,e: 11% waste sludge + 89% Vinasse, f: 4% waste sludge + 96% Vinasse,

In this follow-up, TS, VS, EC, temperature and pH parameters have been examined in waste sludge and vinasse.  At the end of the study 10-30% decrease on TS, 10-60% decrease on VS has been observed. 70% Treatment Plant Sludge and 30% Vinas mixture have been found as the best compost mixture ratio.

This Project has been carried out to gain back waste sludge and vinasse and they will be useful for human. Therefore, needing for landfill will be decreased. 

Keywords: Sludge, vinasse, composting, process controlling.

Summary of the project

http://www.boxca.com/ut6t4sf9t34v/inepo.rar.html you can download project form this link

*The project for the present is in Azeri language but if our project will selected in this Olimpiad we will translate site into English language

*In videos category of site videos not aviable because the size of videos are very large and this is making problem for upload.

Project is about environment and disasters in the future which can be. And students debt is explain problems to people which aren`t know about this problems. If we share this information for all generation the world can be freed from problems in the future and world can be more beautiful and ecologically clean.

The producing of biofuel from rapeseed has a number of challenges, and the main is reducing the agricultural land for food producing. Another problem is a biological and economical effectiveness of cultivation of rape in Belarus for biodiesel. For example, in 2011 Belarus has halted sales of biodiesel fuel from rapeseed due to poor harvests. Therefore, the search for another crop is very important. Such crop must meet the following:

1) The ability to grow on less fertile soils and, thus, not to create competition for food crops.

2) Be resistant to stress factors and give a high yield.

3) Be technically suitable for the production of biodiesel of high quality.

And we propose a TURNIP RAPE as such crop. Thus, the aim of our study is to examine TURNIP RAPE as an new crop for biodiesel production.
In connection with the aim we have planned the following tasks:

1) To study the technological parameters of cultivation of Turnip Rape and rape.

2) To study the parameters of the productivity of Turnip Rape, a comparative analysis of rape according to the state variety trials.

3) To conduct a morphological description of Turnip Rape plants at different stages of development.

4) Rate Turnip Rape and rape seed oil.

5) Extract the oil from seeds to examine its fatty acid composition to determine the content of erucic acid, high content of which is very important for the production of biodiesel of high quality.

Morphological description of Turnip Rape plants at the stages: seeds, seedlings, flowering, beginning of mature, mature plants was carried out.

The oil content in seeds of rape and Turnip Rape was studied. Oil content of rape seeds on average 44,5%, and Turnip Rape - 41,7%, which is almost identical.

The next phase of our work showed that the content of erucic acid in Turnip Rape seeds is large and accounts for almost 50% of all fatty acids.

The ecological clothes are winning the increasing popularity in the world. Unfortunately, there aren’t enough ecological clothes in the Belarusian market. There are no shops with eco production, there are no goods designated as eco production. The clothes that are made from natural raw materials are difficult enough to find. Our health and nature needs in such clothes. Choosing harmless ecological clothes, we take care of environment and, of course, about our health.

Purpose of the work:  Studying the properties of eko-textiles and increasing ecological consciousness of the population by popularization of eco-goods.  

During the work the most harmless kinds of textile (cotton, linen fabric) were defined. The ability of the natural micro-flora of soil to carry out fast destruction of natural fibres and very slow destruction of the synthetic is defined.

 For the purpose of increasing of ecological compatibility of textiles, natural dyes from the local natural raw materials which are ecologically friendly were got. The received dyes were used for colouring the fabrics.

Laboratory researches, for the purpose to define the level of safety of the products from textiles and ecological purity of the buying clothes in markets and city shops are conducted. The complex chemical analysis of fabrics’ samples of clothes on the basic characteristics textiles safety was carried out.

For safe recycling of the waste of synthetic textiles the way of getting of from it building (organo-synthetic) plates from it is suggested.

The design of eco-label is developed and offered to the local enterprise “Svitanok” for marking their production. The designed eco-label contains the full information about the quality and safety of a product.

This work is directed to the protection of the environment and health of a person because the ecological safety of textile products is considered there. The theme is especially actual now because of a large quantity of people, especially children, suffering from allergic diseases that were received during the using of various fabrics, colored by synthetic dyes and pollution of environment by the synthetic materials.

Our projects name is“ Making friendly environmental perfume from flowers with distillation and extraction”. We chose this project because we think it is very interesting to discover  a few ways to make your own perfume. It is also enjoyable and healthier than industrial perfumes. We know that perfumes are not necessary for life , but every person likes to threat itself once in a while.

The main problem in this experiment is the expensiveness of nowadays perfumes, mostly because they are named over a celebrity.  That is why we made our perfume based on natural materials and very simple methods. A perfume is a like a person’s signature, presentation of its character, so we will make a perfume , from flowers in our garden, with our names on it.

All you need to do is take leaves and petals from a favorite flower and place it into cheesecloth covered with 90% of distilled water and 10% of ethyl alcohol.

After  two days of lying in a cold, dark place, take the jar, mix it and squeeze the leaves and petals inside the cheesecloth , then put it back for another 24 hours. Finally, when it is finished, take out the cheesecloth and distill the liquid from the jar. Place it into a perfume bottle.

We also used extraction as a method for making perfume.  And later in our project we will explain which way is easier , more useful  and better for producing homemade perfume in details.

Preparing this perfume will take only a few hours of your time and you will get a friendly, inexpensive, light, environmental, homemade perfume.

Renewable energy sources (solar, wind, water energy) help Worl's problems, but they have proven to be expensive and slow to develop. The need for a totally new energy source is very obvious.

A great innovative idea for an unusual but efficient source of energy is an electro-kinetic road ramp. A road ramp is a system for generating power from the passage of motor vehicles over a roadway. The system includes a highly efficient linkage. The linkage is constructed so that losses through the system are minimized. The system can produce millions kilowatts of electricity each year from the movement of cars over a special speed bump (ramp). The ramp could replace the speed bumps and could be used at parking lots, highways, truck stops and etc. One of the greatest advantages of this system is that it doesn’t depend on environmental factors (sunlight, wind and etc.) and it is very cheap (comparing to other energy sources).

Electro-gravity plates are applied to roads surfaces for generating electricity from the passage of vehicle over the plates. Each plate contains a packed lattice of electro-gravity cells that individualy produces electricity from the passing vehicles. The cells use a variety of tehnologies to convert the kinetic and gravitational potential energy of moving vehicles into electricity.

Consequently, according to our calculations the electro-kinetic road ramp is a system that is environmental, friendly and profitable. It is easy to install and maintain. So there is no reason why this system shouldn’t be installed at every highway, parking lot and every other place where it could be useful. Our idea is that it could be very efficient installed on the highway at the toll houses, where it could supply energy for the toll houses.

Sustainability is generally defined as meeting human needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainnovation develops sustainable business solutions beneficial for and interconnected with people, profits, and the planet. The products, services, and conveniences that we enjoy as a culture are derived from resources, materials, and products furnished by the earth. The earth has limited resources such as oil, minerals, water, and ecosystems that are being depleted at a rate faster than they can be replaced in order to meet the continued demands of human industrial and population growth. With this in mind, sustainability seeks to look forward to secure the needs of future generations. Tourism is one of the leading growth sectors of the global economy, bringing in billions of dollars annually in developing countries and transporting millions of people internationally. But the tourism industry's growth through the years has created an increasing amount of stress on the environment. This is a common problem in many areas where tourism runs into the limits of natural resources. Today ecotourism—tourism that is nature-oriented and environmentally focused—is growing rapidly. Ecotourism aside, many in the hotel industry have recognized the negative impact their business activities have on the environment and have taken action to alleviate those impacts. The term "green hotels" describes hotels that strive to be more environmentally friendly through the efficient use of energy, water, and materials while providing quality services. In this age of super technology wherein the pollution threat is increasing with the scientific development everyday; establishment of Eco-green hotels plays a wonderful role in pacifying its adverse effect on the environment.

With the advancement of technology and the increasing number of materials that have been developed, parallel to the large increase in power consumption of the world population, there is a need to reuse more materials for existing products on the market. This project aims to re-use tubes of toothpaste in the making of a green board for the purpose of structuring the system of dividing panels light Divilux 35. To construct the model is also used vegetable fiber from rice husk, which adds to the good mechanical properties of polymers. Currently a major problem in the structure of partition panels reaches users of the system, which is the crushing of the core plate, which provides a separation of the external plates of the panel, disabling the product, as the wood component is treated and not can be reused. Therefore, a request from the consumer market, the purpose of this project is to combine the recycling of tubes of toothpaste (which is almost absent in the country) the structural problem of dividing light, casting, thus, a biosynthetic wood with good mechanical properties, sufficient for the application were developed, which is split environments with practicality and beauty, considering the preservation of the environment and cost versus benefit. The composition of material constructed and tested was 80% tube of toothpaste, 10% rice hulls and 10% polypropylene.

Keywords: rice husk, divisory, polymers, polypropylene, tube of toothpaste.

 In Bulgaria, some mature Imperial Eagles remain within their breeding areas all year round. Others probably leave their nesting areas, but little is known about where they go. Fewer information exist about the dispersal and staging areas of juvenile Imperial Eagles. Given the critical importance of the first months of independent life for the survival of these birds, information about juvenile dispersal would be extremely valuable in informing successful conservation measures

1. Most of the imperial eagle nests in Bulgaria are in small groves or individual poplar trees surrounded by pastures or extensively farmed land. In total 16 out of 20 known nests are in poplar trees (Populus spp.) in such lowland habitats. In some breeding territories the number of suitable nesting trees has been drastically reduced due to the higher demand for poplar wood. This means the eagles nest in places prone to human disturbance and have failed to breed. Many villages are now without even one poplar tree.The main problem of  this beautiful bird is that she lives near to the people.In the European part of Turkey there are some villages where the imperial eagles build their nests on visible from everywhere dry trees close to buildings with no worries from the people.  In middle and long term perspective the loss of the existing nesting trees (poplars) and lack of reforestation mean the bulk of the population may suffer from a shortage of high quality nesting trees. 

2. Combined with the above mentioned factor, the human disturbance is a threat of critical importance for the eagle due to its very high sensibility during the nesting period and to the fact that often the nests are situated in areas of intensive human activity (close to busy roads, agriculture fields, pastures, etc.) Permanent human presence can lead to lower breeding success or even to abandonment of nests at any stage of the breeding cycle. Sometimes this threat is combined with nest robbing.  Robbers took imperial eagle for pets or for taxidermy. The taken eagles usually die, because it’s hard for the people to rise them up.If they decide to let them free the eagles will die easily,because they don’t have the ability to hunt and can die from starvation.Sometimes they can be even killed by poachers.

3. Poisoning  is another serious threat to the imperial eagle. Local stockbreeders and other people sometimes suffer damages from Wolf Canis lupus, feral dogs (and their hybrids with wolf) and other terrestrial predators. Often the reaction of people having losses from such predators is to use poison baits, although it is illegal.Sadly,there are still some people who do that,even though they can be punished badly. This practice is a threat to the lives of imperial eagles, as often juveniles and even adult birds feed on carcases (especially in winter time) .

4. Electrocution  is another threat that causes mortality. The extent of the problem is not well known in Bulgaria, although hundreds of kilometers of power lines fall into imperial eagle’s breeding and foraging areas.When the eagles don’t have a good visibility they run into the electric posts.Sometimes they like to sit, or in some countries even  to build their nest on them.It is possibly a serious factor but the discovery of the dead eagles is very difficult due to the small national population and the large areas it uses. However, a study carried out in Hungary and Slovakia shows that electrocution is the major mortality factor.

5. Imperial eagle hunts in open areas - pastures, fields and hills.One of the main food sources for him is the European souslik.The depopulation of the villages and the reduce of the number of sheep and other domestic animals lead to fouling of pastures. Certain types of grasses and shrubs grow rapidly, growing high and inhibit the growth of other plants. The living conditions are becoming unfavorable for the European souslik.When there are enough sheep, they encircle the grass evenly and avoid the fouling of pastures.

6. In more recent times, a new problem appears- the wind turbines. They are mounted in protected areas and because of that the conservation of endangered species is very difficult.The vanes of the wind turbines kill birds and the panels are often mounted on cheaply bought pastures.People cover them with gravel, rolled them over and there no longer can live European sousliks or hedgehogs - the preferred prey of the Imperial Eagle

Abstract

Title: Antimicrobial activity and mosquito repelling property of Thanaka (Hesperethusa crenulata) with the different solvent extracts

Introduction/Issues:

'Thanaka' (Hesperethusa crenulata) is a yellowish-white cosmetic commonly applied to the face by many people in Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is considered the beauty secret of Burmese women. Men may also use thanaka for their face and skin care. Children of both sexes certainly wear it or have it applied by grown-ups in the family.

At the our project we will try to explain benefits of thanaka for antimicrobial activity and mosquito repelling property. Because in Myanmar every year lots of people are suffering and dying  from Dengue fever, malaria caused by mosquito  and some diseases affected by vampire bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus plumalis, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Procedures used:

The Dried powder samples (stem bark and heartwood) of Thanaka (Hesperethusa crenulata)  as

Antimicrobial activity studies of different solvent extracts  from Thanakha (Hesperethusa crenulata)  were done by agar well diffusion method. Polar and non-polar extracts of stem bark, heartwood, roots and isolated compounds were tested on 6 microorganisms.

The prevention and treatment of drug-resistant malaria is becoming increasingly difficult. On the Thai-Myanmar border multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria are increasing and, because the malaria vector Anopheles bite outdoors during early evening, insecticide house-spraying or impregnated bednets provide only limited protection. Therefore, the protective efficacy of repellent formulations containing di-methyl benzamide (deet) and permethrin against local vectors was estimated, when applied to the skin, and their acceptability amongst pregnant Karen women who are at relatively high risk from malaria was assessed. Human landing catches of mosquitoes showed that almost complete protection was achieved using different formulations of 20% deet and 0.5% permethrin for up to 6 h. All-night collections from human subjects indicated that this repellent combination reduced exposure to malaria parasites by at least 65 and 85% for those transmitted by Anopheles minimus and An. maculatus, respectively, the two principal vectors in this area. Pregnant women in the camps preferred repellents which were mixed with 'thanaka', a root paste made from pulp of the wood apple tree, Hesperethusa crenulata, used locally as a cosmetic. Apart from a temporary warming sensation where repellent thanaka was applied to the skin, the repellents were well tolerated. An intervention trial is currently in progress to determine whether deet mixed with thanaka can protect pregnant women against malaria in this part of the world. Bioassays using a laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti demonstrated that thanaka is itself slightly repellent at high dosages and the mixture with deet provides protection for over 10 h. This treatment would therefore also provide some personal protection against dengue, which is increasing locally, transmitted by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus biting during the daytime.

Observation/Results:

The experiment and our observations shows that Thanaka protect the human from microorganisms and mosquito with the different solvent extracts.

Thanaka also provides protection from sunburn, helps remove acne and promotes smooth skin. And it  has anti-fungal properties.

Agriculture has been an essential sector to Cambodian economy, with approximately 70% of the population relying on agriculture for livelihood.Combine harvesters and other machines are used in farming. Diesel fuel is consumed to operate the engines. However, the diesel is a fossil fuel, which causes Global Warming because it releases excessive CO₂ emission. In addition, the situation has to be solved by replacing with an alternative fuel, which is clean, renewable and environment-friendly fuel. The highlighted is that soybean is needed to convert to biodiesel. How could the soybean be manufactured into biodiesel?

The production of our soybean biodiesel was made in one main stage. It was performed without using toxic chemical, hexane; however, we used more amount of methanol in the reaction. The dry soybean flakes are reacted in alkaline methanol or Transesterification, in presence of a catalyst. The quality of project was proved by testing experiment such as flammability test.

The consequences from the test illustrated that soybean biodiesel could replace fossil diesel within the reason of having common characteristics. Obviously, biodiesel is more advantageous than fossil fuel. Especially, soybean is favorable plant in Cambodia due to the fine weather.

Finally, it is hoped that soybean diesel can be established in Cambodia.

The Effect of Lead (Pb) Exposure on Skin Elasticity

ABSTRACT

The goal of this project is to determine whether exposing chicken skin to lead metal for an extended period of time (1 week) in DI water will change the Young’s modulus of the skin. The aim of using lead in this experiment is to be able to apply any findings to real-world situations in which people become exposed to lead through their water pipes. If it is found that lead does have adverse effects on chicken skin, the findings can be used as a basis for further testing with human skin so that the negative health effects of lead can be further understood. This greater understanding could be used to generate more awareness of the possible harms of lead exposure and to develop treatments against lead poisoning. Based on literature findings on the composition of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin, it is hypothesized that lead exposure will make the skin more fragile and prone to breakage than normal, resulting in a lower Young’s modulus than unexposed skin. By comparing the Young’s moduli of the lead-exposed skin samples to the Young’s moduli of unexposed samples using a one-tailed, unpaired t-test in Excel, p<0.05 did reveal that the Young’s modulus of the exposed samples were significantly less than that of the unexposed samples.

Water hyacinth is a wild water plant that grows densely in the coarse of the river nile in Egypt. Although this plant is able to absorb  heavy metals from the water thus purifying it . Yet, it is considered as a major obstacle that is the reason of many problems to the environment. A serious problem is that it causes infestations over vast areas of water. It also reduces light, oxygen, and affects flora and fauna. Besides,it causes an increase in water loss by evapotranspiration. Moreover, logistic problems occur for marine transportation, fishing and irrigation schemes. For these reasons, these plants are removed from the river yearly,causing economical problems that cost Egypt a lot of time and  money. One of our objectives is to  harvest these plants and ferment them to produce a natural fuel (biogas), thus saving the environment  from solid pollutants and producing a cheap, clean  source of fuel.

The deaf mute people are isolated from the society. They face many problems every day to deal with the surrounding people especially the blind. The researcher has done a survey to know the range of the communication between the deaf mute and the blind. It was clear that there isn't any dealing between them.

 In order to recover that problem the researcher has made a program on the computer and the mobile to achieve the communication between the deaf mute and the society especially the blind. This program consists of two parts which are: 

The first part (The deaf mute voice):

   This program is considered as a spoken dictionary for the sign language which enables the deaf mute to choose the sign that he wants to say then it will be converted into voice that says the meaning of that sign so the other person will hear it.

The second part (The deaf mute ears):

This program recognizes the voice of any person and changes it into written words then it shows a short video that express the meaning of these words in the sign language which the deaf mute person will be able to understand.

Using this program the deaf mute person will be able to communicate with all the society especially the blind. And will be able to use the telephone through the program. And when he wants to achieve a service for himself from the factories or the government departments he will be able to communicate with the officials. And that what have been proved in the surveys.

   The first part has already been applied on the mobile. In order to be easily carried to anywhere and used at any time.

Biodiversity in the wooded meadows of my native place

Anni Männil, Paide Co-educational Gymnasium, 12a class

People are appreciating nature's diversity and the richness of species more and more these days. The richest Estonian plant communities are wooded meadows, only few of which are situated in Järvamaa. The flora of the wooded meadow in the southwestern part of Paide was selected to be the subject of this work because the meadow has not been mowed for at least 5 years and the flora of the wooded meadow was investigated in 2002.

The aim of this research was to examine the vegetation composition of the wooded meadow and its changes, to investigate the connection between the moisture content of the soil of the area and the richness of plant species and to provide an overview about the species which are under natural conservation. Taking the results of the observations into account, the aim was to organize the mowing and removal of hay from the meadow to maintain the richness of species on this place.

The data from the meadow was collected from 13th of April 2009 to 25th of July 2010. In six different parts of the wooded meadow, six squares with a size of 1m² were marked down, from which soil samples were taken and surveys of the plants were carried out. During every observation, the species and growth stages of plants growing in these appointed squares were written down. Plant species, which are under protection, were mapped with a GPS device.

During the observations, 52 different species of plants were found growing on these six areas. It was found that three of the areas (1, 2 and 5), situated in the northern part of the wooded meadow, with arid soil, were the richest in species (22 to 25 different plant species), while the areas of 1m² of the southern part of the wooded meadow (3, 4 and 6), where the soil is wet to water-logged, were less rich in different speicies of plants (13-16 species ). Characteristic of all the six 1m² areas was the growth of meadowsweet on each of them. According to the survey which was carried out in 2002, carnation sedge, purple moor grass, water avens, tormentil, northern bedstraw, meadow vetchling and viola, which were found growing on the majority of the 1m² areas in 2009, were not considered to be typical species growing on the meadow in the year 2002. The prevalence of these high-growth species clearly refers to an increase in the soils moisture content. In 2009, corn chamomile and alsike clover were not found in any of the 1m² areas and some other species had become less common as well.

Four plant species belonging to the III category of protection were found in the wooden meadow - siberian iris with 27, lesser butterfly-orchid with 25, common twayblad with 19 and early marsh-torchid with 19 specimen, with the total of 74 individuals at 47 sites of growth.

A project was written to protect the richness of species on the wooded meadow, with the help of which mowing was organized for two years. In July 2010, the meadow was mowed and in September 2010, the willow brushes were cut. In association with the Museum of Järvamaa, a social gathering and heritage day for the people of Paide was organized to combine work and amusement on the wooden meadow. In relation to the project, a specialist from the Estonian Seminatural Community Conservation Association assessed the conditions of the wooded meadow as a habitat to be high from the point of view defense.

New possible ways to ensure the sustainability of maintenance works in the wooded meadow should be found, for example some cattle breeder, who is interested in haying this area. In addition, changes in the species composition of vegetation and in soil moisture should be continued to be observed.

The decomposition of teabags in a model system imitating nature

The garbage produced by humans can be divided into 2 groups: garbage that decomposes and garbage that does not. Teabags, that are nowadays frequently used for making tea, are usually categorized as a decomposable waste and it is recommended to add them to compost. The aim of my research was to find out whether and how fast teabags decompose.

In the literature overview, I made a small summary of waste produced by humans and of the effects it has on the environment. I also pointed out what are the possible dangers and positive aspects of biodegradable waste and gave an overview of different composting systems.

In the experimental part of my work, I compared the decomposition of eight different teabags from five different vendors during the period of 16 weeks under laboratory conditions. During the time of my experiment, one teabag completely decomposed, in case of one teabag everything decomposed but the contents, and in case of five teabags different components of the teabag started to decompose. Only one teabag did not start to decompose at all during the given time period.

From the results of the experiment it can be concluded that within the period of 4 months the teabags made from filter paper decompose while the teabags made from nylon do not. Teabags containing black and green tea decompose better that the ones containing red tea, red tea sticks together and starts to decompose a lot later that other teas. The shape of the teabag was not as important as the speed of decomposition for squared and round teabags was similar. The pyramid shaped teabag did not decompose at all. However, most important factor for this teabag was the fact that it was made out of nylon, which is a synthetic material and does not decompose.

Therefore not all teabags can be considered as decomposable waste and environmentally aware people should avoid the ones made of nylon or just add their content into compost.

Development of the textile industry and its perspectives considerably depend on searching, manufacturing and using of raw materials with new properties.

Investigation which was done on basis of waste products to prepare fibers with new and rich technological properties , shows us availability of usage of selected raw materials with the addition of quartzite sandstone into the mixture. Waste products were taken from Zestafoni Ferroalloy Factory and Kutaisi Paint and Varnish Factory, corrective quartzite stone was taken from Sachkhere region. It was determined that to get normal technological indices of fiber , the following composition is needed: 40-55 mass part of wastes of ferroalloy factory,20 mass part of paint and varnish factory and 35-45 mass part of corrective quartzite sandstone. Produced fibers have high physico-mechanical properties, resistance against thermo and aggressive factors, and high water resistance. Initial hardness of the fiber is mcp (micropascal), diameter 8-16 mcm (micrometer ) acid resistance in PH H₂SO₄ and  HCl area is 99,7%. The hardness of the loop of the fiber is 70- 80 %of its initial hardness. It exceeds other world leading fibers by these properties. The temperature of usage of this fiber is 650-700⁰C. Special property of the fiber is its ecological cleanness and silky tenderness.

This fiber will have considerably higher cost than that of base production produced in mentioned factories.

Using of the fiber will be more important in many technical and scientific fields. The fiber will have wide spectrum of usage because of its unique properties. On its base we can prepare filtering materials of exhausted an aggressive liquids, composites of different purposes. It is used to prepare the whole compounded body or different parts of a machine, details of shiphull for voice and thermo insulation, different parts  of  a  plane, materials  for  thermo insulation, thermo resistant  cardboard, flat  and  relief  covering  materials of  roofs, reservoirs  for gases  and  liquid  materials, pipelines  and  others.

Practical realization of this work will have high economical importance beside its economical effect, because it will   free territories from industrial wastes and turn them valid for exploitation.

Beenature - back to nature!

Honeybees are of utmost importance for mankind and nature. Many people are not aware of the fact that there would be no fruits without bees. Every apple, cherry, orange (...) you eat has grown because a bee pollinated the blossom before.  The value of bee pollination was estimated to be 153 billion Euros in 2010. The chain is easy to understand "no bees - no pollination - no fruits - no trees..."  Albert Einstein once predicted that if bees disappear from our planet, mankind would soon perish. Alarmed by recent reports about widespread deaths of honey bees we founded the "BeeNature Project" in order to find out why this is happening. We examined the living conditions of bees in the modern beekeeping industry and focussed especially on the unnatural treatment of the bees and its consequences. We investigated the climatic conditions in modern beehives which are made of Styrofoam which is basically plastic and compared the results with the conditions in traditional wooden beehives. We found out that the climatic conditions in modern beehives are extremely humid which causes mould to spread on the honeycombs during the wintertime. Bees are forced to open the combs with their mouth in order to reach their winter stores. By doing this the bees absorb mould spores which cause them to fall ill and finally die. Their winter stores should be naturally honey but in most of the cases the honey had been taken away from the beekeepers who feed the insects with pure sugar instead. This is important because honey has antiseptic and antibacterial properties and additionally it cannot mould. Honey contains not only sugar but a variety of vitamins and minerals which are of urgent necessity for the Bees to survive the hard wintertime ...

Carbon neutral city traffic via algae

Our idea was to equip vehicles in city traffic with a CO₂-absorber (gas scrubber) to remove the CO₂ from the exhaust gases. Later the fixed CO₂ would be injected into an algae farm located in the outer districts of a city. Hence, we invented and tested a CO₂-absorber for a Moped. Our CO₂ scrubber tank was filled with MEA (Monoethanolamine, ® BASF) and could absorb the CO₂ from a daily tour of 10 km with an efficiency of 94%. In the next step we transferred the CO₂ from the MEA-gas scrubber into the algae-bioreactor. As we could observe algae growth, it is evident that the algae tolerated this CO₂ source . Based on these results we calculated that with the installation of a 5 m² algae-bioreactor it is possible to drive 2.600 km per year without any CO₂ emission. We applied our data to the transportation situation in cities and concluded that 1 hectare of algae farm could compensate for the CO₂ emissions of a commuter bus driving approximately 200.000 km per year. The bus would be equipped with a 1.7 m³ large gas-scrubber. In the future, electric cars will primarily be used in cities, but the realization of purely electrified city transport will take time. For now, to substantially reduce CO₂ emission in cities gas-scrubbers and algae farms can be used.

7-Summary:If we do not pay attention to this project.

1-      We will not be able to have a source of water. Today maybe we do not pay much money for water but this price has been increasing day by day. One day we will not be able to buy it.By this project we can have a source of water and we can save our money for water with small amount of money.

2-      AC water leakage cases dirty view of our building. If we have own house , it is shame for us to have dirty building, so we will have to pay money to paint  it. If realize this project we will not need paint frequently, so we save energy, time and money.

3-      Water leakage and moisture shorten buildings` life short  but with this project we prevent destroy of our building and we will not need to buy a new house and to came face to face

with danger. And also we save our life, energy and money for new house.

4-      As it is calculated on the table we can save much money.

Thunnus atlanticus is one of tuna’s species spread over nearly all of the oceans. The fish included in Scrombidae family has been researched and proven to have many benefits, starting from its flesh to its bones. Omega 3 contained in its flesh is very useful for a child’s brain-growth. High calcium contained in its bones is greatly needed by human beings. This far, the use of tuna’s bones has only been extracting them to be cattle’s foods. Tricalcium phosphate contained in this fish is also important for an infant’s bone and tooth growth. Therefore, the bones of this fish are expected to fulfill daily calcium need of an infant’s body. This research was experimental by nature because the calcium test contents was undertaken in a laboratory by using some materials and instruments available in the laboratory. This research was accomplished to find out the calcium contents of each Thunnus atlanticus’ bone segment especially of the five hindmost ones. The research was also intended to find out if  Thunnus atlanticus’ bones can be processed to be instant porridge for infants. The result of the research is a comparison of calcium contents in each tuna’s bone segment. Each of the 21^st , 22^nd, 23^rd, 24^th, and 25^th bone segment contains (in a row) 2.86 mg Ca/100 grams-sample, 2.65 mg Ca/100 grams-sample, 2.10 mg Ca/100 grams-sample, 4.00 mg Ca/100 grams-sample, 3.52 mg Ca/100 grams-sample). The result gives an opportunity to make instant porridge which can fulfill a body’s daily calcium needs.

Indonesia has many natural resources especially forest and animal. One of the useful wood is Cajuput wood/Melaleucan wood (Melaleuca leucandendra L.). Most of Melaleucan wood can be found in Indonesia especially swamp area like Sumatra and Kalimantan/Borneo. Melaleucan usually used in housing. The main problem of this case is people usually thow the Melaleucan waste as a compost, and make bad smell in environment. Whereas, it still can be used as useful things. One of the alternative way of using Melaleucan waste is made into activated carbon.  This project aims are to know how to make adsorbent from Melaleucan wood, to know how to activate Melaleucan carbon, and to know how Air Black Adsorbent works as an adsorbent.

The methode that used in this project is an experimental research. The first proccess of making Air Black Adsorbent is making charcoal from drainage Melaleucan wood. Then doing chemical and physical activation proccess, by using H₂SO₄ 20% solution and heat into furnace at 250⁰C. The last proccess is pressing the activated carbon into air black adsorbent.

The experimental result shows that air black adsorbent can be made from Melaleucan wood by using chemical and physical proccess. This air black adsorbent can be used as gas (smell) adsorbent in room, car, and other containers.

Summary

Municipal sewage water is the huge problem and disaster in the world that causes water pollution and losing fresh water , every year 200 billion m³ of water were lost by sewage water without treatment .also sewage water cause to eutrophication when reach to the river and kill most of fresh water living organism. we decide to treatment and purification of sewage water by several bacteria by new method. The approach used for municipal wastes, the best approach to designing a treatment system for municipal wastes is to analyze the performance characteristics of many existing municipal systems and deduce an optimal set of design parameters for the system under consideration, for developing a well-operating, cost-effective treatment system .during our project we obtain high significant result in treatment of sewage water by benefit bacteria are high biological activity that can utilize and breakdown high waste compound including nitrogenous, phosphate, detergent, oil and toxic compound.

The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant    bacteria is major concern and decimation of antibacterial resistant is well documented as a serious world wide problem, since according to the new researches of world health organization (WHO), most of antibacterial drug were fail to inhibit and killing pathogenic bacteria. Also every year 50 million people were died by resistant bacteria with out treatment, was a vast disaster that happen in our world .so for this reason for the sake of humanity need to find new alternative drug . citric fruit such as grape fruit has agreat potential power to killing resistant bacteria.During our study we get surprise result is more effective and able to inhibit the growth pattern of S. aureus ,Ps. aurigenosa and E. coli these result we can suggest that The henna can be used as alternative new modern antibacterial broad spectrum for therapeutic usages to serve all human

SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT:

 This project is important for controlling  the car speed automatically. Also we can decrease car crashing as much as possible. And we can decrease rate of CO2 in air after using this machine, because the rate of gasoline burning in the car will be reduce  then the rate of CO2 will  be  decrease also.

Function of A.S.N.C

It control the car speed automatically.

It is important  in traffic controlling (cars movement).

It  decreases number of car crashing  .

It is important in navigation of car.

It decreases the car steeling and you can find your stolen car position .

It decreases the rate of the terrorism.

 It decreases the rate of CO2 in air

We are choosing this topic because the air pollution is a big disaster of our environment and our life. Air pollution consists of various types of chemicals and gases. The main cause of this unwanted pollution is vehicles. Vehicles are the machine that human made it. As we know cars work with oil and take out dangerous gas from the exhaust emission that causes illness, global warming, and smog especially in cities with millions of cars. And there is worse. The emissions include carbon dioxide (CO2), which is changing earth’s whole atmosphere in dangerous ways.

The procedure that we followed involved a type of car that works with wind. We have 12V from battery and a compressed air and air weapon that make motion for the axles to start motion.

By our project we can protect our environment and we use only environment resources to operate our car and we can survive from oil and it’s really cheap. Our project has no side effect and we can give it to the public to be used.

in our project we will use the same materials that are already used in normal cars cooling system but  instead of using benzene we will add solar cell to provide the necessary electrical power from the sun.

Changing the stirling engine which we talked about above to an engine which works with solar energy by changing its color to black or but mirrors around it. With this we can make energy from something which we see everyday and it will also be so cheap that we are not going to use fuels and petrol any more.

1. Analysis and Appraisal of effect of waste waters on water resources

1.1 Impact of waste waters over contamination of water resources

PROFILE OF THE CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES EXO- AND ENDOCELLOBIOHYDROLASES PRODUCTION

Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the main component of plant biomass and are the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere. For a long time there have been discussions about the possible recycling, developing appropriate methods, the most promising of which - the decomposition of cellulose.

Cellulose  - this is an insoluble polysaccharide composed of glucose, which is connected between a β-1 ,4-bond. Cellulolytic enzymes that can break down cellulose to glucose, can be divided into three types: endo-β-1 ,4-glucanase, exo-β-1 ,4-glucanase (tsellobiogidrolazy; EHV) and β-glucosidase. Together they are known as cellulases and act synergistically, contributing to the total destruction of β-1 ,4-glycosidic bonds of cellulose.

In the cellulase systems, enzymes, possessing low activity in the media with soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), but relatively high on Avicel environments, identified as EHV. EHV hydrolysis of cellulose with the formation of cellobiose and a small amount of glucose. Due to the lack of activity of endo-β-1 ,4-glucanase for the cleavage of crystalline cellulose, ekzotipnye cellulase, such as IOS is needed for the successful of the process.

 According to some studies, Lentinula edodes has an outstanding ability to produce thermostable enzymes celluloliticheskie, including the ANS. Therefore, obtaining cellobiogidrolase and research activity and physico-chemical characteristics of cellulolytic enzymes of fungal Lentennula edodes is a task that has great scientific and practical importance.

Spore suspension was inoculated with Lentinula edodes on solid Malt-extract-agar (MEA) medium and cultured from 2 to 18 days at 28 º C. Cultures with solid medium were pereseeny in a liquid medium Soundar and Chandra (avicel or carboxymethylcellulose 5g, peptone 1g, Ca (NO3) 2 • 4H2O 5.5g, KH2PO4 1.3g, MgSO4 • 7H2O 0.5g, 1 ml of nutrient solution)

As with avicel and with carboxymethyl cellulose, the culture showed two peaks with a consequent reduction in activity. This phenomenon is probably due to thermal inactivation and irreversible adsorption of the enzyme substrate and inhibitory properties of the final product;

It is shown that L. edodes produces endoglucanase and ekzotsellobiogidrolazy in liquid media with carboxymethylcellulose and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel). Low concentrations of glucose residues in the supernatants of culture media in the absence of avisel and CMC suggests the influence, first of all, the substrate for the synthesis and excretion of cellulases. The absence of glucose residues in the supernatants of both culture media suggests the influence, first of all, the substrate for the synthesis and excretion of cellulases.

 And also describes some physical and chemical characteristics cellyuliticheskih enzymes. It is shown that the optimal catalytic activity of the enzyme as seen at pH 6, in the presence of carboxymethylcellulose and avicel. In studying the effect of temperature was revealed that the optimum cellulolytic activity of this enzyme shows at 60 º C. The high activity is maintained even at 80 º C, which is a positive factor for their use in the production of bioethanol.

The purpose of the project is determinate identification and oil oxide activation control of hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms that are used in cleaning of oil poisoned ground and can be used as a base of bio-preparation to clean the soil which is poisoned with oil.

Hypothesis. Nowadays the most important ecological problem in Kazakhstan is recoverment of oil poisoned ground. Oil is a toxic substance and its high percentage usage can cause death of living organisms. Natural recoverment of ground takes place for 25 and more years. The usage of active hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms in terms of bio-prescription can increase the rate of recoverment.

The procedure:

·        To determine and control the cleaning effect of hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms.

·        To analyze oil oxidizing activation in hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms in laboratory.

·        To learn cultural, physiological and biochemical properties of hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms.

·        To do experiment in field conditions to estimate activation of hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms.

The degree of independence: Great volume of the additional literature is studied by authors.

All microbiological, biochemical and chemical methods were learned and done independently.

Novelty: Establishing oxidizing conditions Bacillus polymyxa PSh and Bacillus thuringiensis K1 can utilize the ground in 14 days on 87,4-90,9%, but addition of consortium of microorganisms decrease oil rate in ground by 94%

In the present research work tasks are solved, namely, carried out the treatment of oily wastewater by sedimentation and filtration. The effectiveness of mechanical purification steps was calculated, the post-treatment of wastewater from the oil by adsorption on activated carbon was performed.

The effectiveness of usage of the proposed scheme for wastewater treatment was calculated. Based on the technological parameters the ecological-economic efficiency of wastewater treatment has been determined.  And the water recycling systems for the companies of refining industry was developed.

The obtained results can be used to monitor the oil content. Also, a combination of methods under the proposed scheme can be recommended for treatment of wastewater from oil products.

“SparkMASTERkz”

Khamitov Nurbolat, Aitzhan Marlen

Karaganda state Kazakh-Turkish high school for gifted boys, Karaganda city, Kazakhstan

Application of efficiency in methods of intensification of heat-exchanging in tubes, decreasing hydraulic and heat loss, increasing the intensification of heat-exchange in tubes and optimal usage of fuel and energy recourses are the main problems of the modern scientific-technological progress. Intensity of heat exchanging mainly depends on the level of cleanness of the surface of tube. Heat Exchangers are used almost everywhere, in all processing departments like petrol and gas industry, atomics, power stations and etc. There are many types of Heat Exchangers and all of them consists of many tubes that are hard to clean mechanically and expensive chemically.   

The aim of our project is:

-          to carry out scientific-technological works ensuring the technologies of cleaning tubes and internal sides of heat-exchangers with complex geometry and configuration;

-          to invent the device for cleaning tubes effectively;

-          to carry out experiments on cleanings tubes using different conditions;

The problem that led us to choose this topic is breakage of the boiler in our school. The idea was to invent effective, creative, energy-efficient, ecological and cheap supply for cleaning Heat Exchanger tubes. We put forward a hypothesis of cleaning Heat Exchanger tubes using electro hydraulic effect. The main criteria during the research were safety, availability, efficiency.

Electro-hydraulic effect (EHE) is a new industrial way of transformation of electrical energy to the mechanical energy, without any intervening mechanical devices, with a big efficiency. The main point in using this method is that during the process of forming the electrical discharge in a specific amount of liquid in opened or closed vessel, the ultra-high hydraulic pressure is caused, that can perform useful mechanical work.

We named our device as “SparkMASTER”. We made “SparkMASTER” from three separated parts: control panel, condenser, and generator of pulse current with protection block. It uses the energy of shock waves that are caused by the micro explosions in the inner surface of the tubes, filled with technical liquid, which destroys all the hard settlement like scales, slugs, rusts, ashes, different chemical compounds, industrial and food wastes etc, without damaging the wall of the tubes.

During the procedure we cleaned tubes with diameters from 10 to 50 mm, taken from worked out boilers, water heaters (heat exchangers). On the basis of visual observations and calculations of distribution of a pressure among the surface of the tube, the minimum amount of energy needed was found. The minimum energy needed to start the settlement to be destroyed is 45 Joules’. From the obtained results can be said that, length defining the destruction can be a few calibers of diameter of the tube at least. Similar results was taken from a steel tubes with diameter 33 mm, that are mainly used in heat energy and light industry. When the density of impulse given among the brass tube which was 1 m long was 1 imp\cm, the heat exchange was restored up to 97%. Similar experiments was done on a steel tubes with a diameters from 20 till 55 mm, with and impulse of 1 imp\cm, with an energy of 150-200 Joules. We restored the heat-exchange almost totally, 98%. It took 25- 40 seconds to clean the steel tube with a diameter of 33 mm and length of 6 m.

The advantages of “SparkMASTER”: uses ecologically clean methods; very good quality of cleaning; doesn’t need much energy; simplicity and serviceability; portability and small dimension of array. It can be widely used in energy, chemical, gas and oil, metal, food and in other processing departments.

The project is dedicated to the development of the economic profitable alternative solution of launching inanimate cargo into space.

Research hypothesis - Project Archigan is a "trunk", and the payload - "shell" lead us to a number of benefits over the classical method – reactive propulsion:

·        Not using fuel and using reusable setup makes it cheaper then classical method.

·        Using the method of "barrel-projectile" hundred times reduces the final weight of the rocket, which in turn reduces energy costs.

·        No toxic fuel, «Archigan» becomes an environmentally friendly project.

The reliability and validity of the ideas of this work is provided by their consistency with the experimental results. 

Project "Archigun" is another example of the use of electrodynamic forces for the good of mankind. According to the draft "Archigun" we will be able to launch satellites from Earth without using hundreds of tons of fossil fuels for jet engines. This opens up great opportunities, such as: running the whole station (as "Mir") in orbit in solid form.

Every research project should be based on three values: economic, environmental and social.

Environmental benefit of "Archiguna" is that in "Archigun" we can use renewable energy sources and do not contaminate the atmosphere above the Earth with chemicals. Also starts with this setup is absolutely silent, and not to spoil the psyche of flora and fauna of the region where it is established.

Social aspect of the project is that it will create new jobs, settled previously inhabited spot on the globe.

Economic benefits: first, we note that, the station (Archigun) - Refillable - if at the moment is the launch of launch vehicles will eventually have no choice other than debris, the station remains in place for the next launch. Second: the energy expended little dependent on the mass of outbound cargo. Station of this kind will be the impetus for the development of retarded technological research, as nuclear power.

This project is about ridding of algae from water bodies.This is with the intention of cleaning the water and then making use of the algae to make bio oil.

Wastewater treatment is the process of removing the contaminants from sewage and wastewater to produce liquid and solid (sludge) suitable for discharge to the environment or for reuse. It is a form of waste management. A septic tank or other on-site water treatment system such as biofilters can be used to treat sewage close to where it is created.

Algea is collected from water bodies especially where the water is likely to get polluted by foreign bodies that get trapped by the algae.This harvest of algae is then taken through  a procedure to extract oil.

Algae is among the fastest growing plants whose mass is 50% oil.

This oil can then be used directly in diesel engines or refined further into fuel.

The environment is very crucial and important to life. We should tend to it to keep it clean all the time.

 We often ask ourselves why we should keep our environment clean and beautiful. Keeping the environment clean and beautiful provides fresh air, a hospitable living area, beautiful scenaries , and disease risk free habitations .

The web basket is a sisal woven structure that traps leaves from trees before they reach the ground. The leaves are collected by the nature of the shape of the web basket.

The leaves are then bagged and disposed as composite manure for the vegetation. This  ensures that no sweeping is required, which guarantees no occurrence of  dust that arise from sweeping compounds that pollute the air .

The web basket can be painted and designed to any pleasant or presentable form. It can be painted the green color which will complement well with nature. It can be structured with natural oils to remain water proof hence last longer.

The fibre used could also be waste synthetic fibre, like obsolete cassette tape ribbons.

ABSTRACT:

     Most of the people in cities use public transport. People may catch diseases when they get in contact with seats, handle or metal bars inside the buses due to the microorganisms like bacteria.

     As a result of a survey done in our school it was concluded that 64% of students use public buses as transport vehicles. It is known that crowded places are home for bacterial growth. In order to confirm this statement above we decided to collect samples from different busses and check the bacterial growth there.

     There are many ways to sterilize surfaces and materials to kill bacteria and other harmful organisms. One way is through the use of ultraviolet or UV radiation also called UV light. UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, UV which is used in water and air purification systems, to eliminate or reduce microbial populations.

      Antiseptics and disinfectants have been used in medical environments for centuries. An antiseptic is a formulation of chemicals like H₂O₂ that stop microorganism growth.

      The aim of the project is the removal of the bacterial microorganisms from public transport by using UV light with H₂O₂ to prevent diseases.

     In this application, the UV/H₂O₂ system is usually not operated continuously, but turned on at night when the busses are not working.

Cleaning of industrial waste water in Trepçe mine by using waste banana peel

 Introduction :  Many studies have been carried out to determine the effectiveness and reliable factors in removing metal ions  from wastewater using low cost absorbent.

      A biosorption process offers a number of advantages when compared to the conventional methods currently used. These include low operational costs and minimizing the volume of chemical and/or biological waste sludge as well as a high degree  of efficiency in decontamination very diluted effluents .  The mechanisms of biosorption are generally based on physico-chemical interactions between metal ions and the functional groups present on the cell surface, such as electrostatic interactions, ion exchange and metal ion chelation or complexation.  Functional groups most commonly implicated in such interactions include carboxylate, hydroxyl, amine and phosphoryl groups present within cell wall components such as polysaccharides, lipids and proteins . Whereby factors like pH, size of biosorbent, ionic strength, and temperature influence metal biosorption .

Purpose of the Project : Trepçe mine water  possesses a risk to the environment and thus the people since it contains many heavy metal ions such as   Zn , Pb , Cd , Cu …

       The average concentration of these ions are

 Zn: 1.2 ppm , Pb: 0.046 ppm , Cd : 0.006 ppm ,…

       The mine in Trepce  is not used anymore and does not have any filter system , because of raining it pollutes some rivers in that area.

      Thus this project is focused on waste banana peel as an alternative absorbent in order to remove  Pb ,Zn and Cd  ions  from waste water.

Procedures used :   Banana peel, mature banana with yellow peel, was collected as solid waste. The collected material was then washed with deionized water which was prepared by the technique of reverse osmosis for several times to remove heavy metal. The washed material was cut into small pieces then dried in air  until it reached a constant weight, which was accomplished after 48 hrs. In the final stage these material was dried and sieved.

         We have mixed certain amount of dried and fresh banana peel with certain amount of  waste water and waited for specific of time (30 minutes) than we have analyzed the different filtrates obtained by a spectrophotometer and recorded the concentration of metal ions in ppm.

Observations and Conclusions:  The use of banana peel which is waste in this study will be environmental friendly and can adsorb Zn , Pb , Cd  ions from waste water. The banana peel material is a potential candidate for biosorption and further studies will help to evaluate economical use of this biosorbent.. Carboxyl, hydroxyl and amide groups on the banana peel surface were involved in the biosorption of the Zn , Pb and  Cd  ions.

       To conclude   on the bases of the result of the experiment. Dried banana peel can be applied to remove Zn , Pb , Cd , Cu ions from Trepçe industrial waste water .  This process has proved to be very economical as well as effective.

Correction of some properties of the Ferronickel slag could expand its areas of applicability as a basis subject for production and improving mechanical-physical properties of asphalt concrete.

Designing the quantity of bitumen and slag percentage reports with mineral aggregate of silicate in  the  mineral  mix  asphalt  concrete  has  been  developed  with  a  combination  of  analytical  and graphical method (Routhfuchs).

Results  from  laboratory  examinations  for  consumables  type  layers  AB11s  B50/70  with  slag participatory has shown advanced feature value in terms of: stability, roughness, flexibility, water absorption, plasticity, efficiency of use of bitumen, durability of road construction, etc.

Based  on   chemical-physical   settings,   slag   from  the   Foundry  of  "Ferronickel"   in   Drenas, represents not  only the  precious raw  materials  for production of asphalt  concrete, but thanks  to the  addition  of  mineral  mixtures  to  AB,  will  significantly  improve  the  mechanical-physical characteristics of these products.

Key words: Ferronickel, slag, mineral mix, asphalt concrete.

Problems

Population increases requirements for food. Main producing food is agriculture. Creation of artificial single-crop systems instead of natural leads on soil destruction, but wide using of single-crop systems leads on pauperization and degradation of natural ecosystems, as an example of it ,showed by application of pesticides and other chemicals in agriculture. Chemicals operate only on special kinds as it would be desirable on person, and on all living things. Besides of nitric fertilizers conducts accumulation chemicals and nitra